{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920978746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","title":"Large-Scale Station-Level Crowd Flow Forecast with ST-Unet","display_name":"Large-Scale Station-Level Crowd Flow Forecast with ST-Unet","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920978746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","mag":"2920978746"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8030140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/3/140/pdf?version=1552623230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/3/140/pdf?version=1552623230","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yirong Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-1103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yirong Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5844-1103","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100353589","display_name":"Hao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-3394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-3394","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100361659","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7055-7873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101974987","display_name":"Ye Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6848-1718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001551965","display_name":"Jiangjiang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangjiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100717020","display_name":"Luo Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-6086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-6086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100361659"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":2.0247,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84617339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"3","first_page":"140","last_page":"140"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closeness","display_name":"Closeness","score":0.8177002668380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6349936723709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.576882541179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5433162450790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4839358925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-network","display_name":"Flow network","score":0.45450952649116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metro-station","display_name":"Metro station","score":0.4485699236392975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3242243528366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.29163217544555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.26465466618537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22259318828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12265026569366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11006668210029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10282102227210999}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779545769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135364","display_name":"Closeness","level":2,"score":0.8177002668380737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6349936723709106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.576882541179657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5433162450790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4839358925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.45450952649116516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994559806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q928830","display_name":"Metro station","level":2,"score":0.4485699236392975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3242243528366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.29163217544555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26465466618537903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22259318828582764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12265026569366455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11006668210029602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10282102227210999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8030140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/3/140/pdf?version=1552623230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa758421671d4af6bac83397f7f8dd9c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa758421671d4af6bac83397f7f8dd9c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 8, Iss 3, p 140 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/3/140/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8030140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030140","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/3/140/pdf?version=1552623230","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2357676668","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61806211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5836130099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871284, 61806211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7931701304","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u67e5\u8be2\u5904\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41871284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920978746.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2920978746.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501500081","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W1986050349","https://openalex.org/W1988580225","https://openalex.org/W1991770012","https://openalex.org/W2002644193","https://openalex.org/W2024220066","https://openalex.org/W2042493333","https://openalex.org/W2044306122","https://openalex.org/W2122347864","https://openalex.org/W2148959739","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2297059404","https://openalex.org/W2406128552","https://openalex.org/W2468907370","https://openalex.org/W2528639018","https://openalex.org/W2533328922","https://openalex.org/W2535805784","https://openalex.org/W2742650756","https://openalex.org/W2743269858","https://openalex.org/W2883442340","https://openalex.org/W2884738862"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2156910174","https://openalex.org/W1995054232","https://openalex.org/W4311255633","https://openalex.org/W2001284284","https://openalex.org/W2368007657","https://openalex.org/W2068289888","https://openalex.org/W4250257362","https://openalex.org/W2352790364","https://openalex.org/W2391191500","https://openalex.org/W2365398175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High":[0],"crowd":[1,18,26,69,99,143,172],"mobility":[2],"is":[3,66,113,116,182],"a":[4,60,78,105,117],"characteristic":[5],"of":[6,49,73,125,171,214],"transportation":[7],"hubs":[8],"such":[9,21,90],"as":[10,24,91],"metro/bus/bike":[11],"stations":[12,58,74,148],"in":[13,30,59,131,212],"cities":[14],"worldwide.":[15],"Forecasting":[16],"the":[17,47,68,98,142,150,160,165,178,199,204],"flow":[19,27,100,144],"for":[20,37,111],"places,":[22],"known":[23],"station-level":[25],"forecast":[28],"(SLCFF)":[29],"this":[31,103],"paper,":[32,104],"would":[33],"have":[34],"many":[35],"benefits,":[36],"example":[38],"traffic":[39],"management":[40],"and":[41,132,149,169,185,203],"public":[42],"safety.":[43],"Concretely,":[44],"SLCFF":[45,112],"predicts":[46],"number":[48],"people":[50],"that":[51,67,207],"will":[52],"arrive":[53],"at":[54],"or":[55,94],"depart":[56],"from":[57,146],"given":[61],"period.":[62],"However,":[63],"one":[64],"challenge":[65],"flows":[70],"across":[71],"hundreds":[72,124],"irregularly":[75],"scattered":[76],"throughout":[77],"city":[79],"are":[80],"affected":[81],"by":[82,140,163],"complicated":[83],"spatio-temporal":[84,106],"events.":[85],"Additionally,":[86],"some":[87],"external":[88],"factors":[89],"weather":[92],"conditions":[93],"holidays":[95],"may":[96],"change":[97],"tremendously.":[101],"In":[102],"U-shape":[107],"network":[108,179],"model":[109],"(ST-Unet)":[110],"proposed.":[114],"It":[115,158],"neural":[118],"network-based":[119],"multi-output":[120],"regression":[121],"model,":[122],"handling":[123],"target":[126],"variables,":[127],"i.e.,":[128],"all":[129],"stations\u2019":[130,137],"out":[133,196],"flows.":[134,173],"ST-Unet":[135,181,208],"emphasizes":[136],"spatial":[138],"dependence":[139,162],"integrating":[141],"information":[145],"neighboring":[147],"cluster":[151],"it":[152],"belongs":[153],"to":[154,197],"after":[155],"hierarchical":[156],"clustering.":[157],"learns":[159],"temporal":[161,166],"modeling":[164],"closeness,":[167],"period,":[168],"trend":[170],"With":[174],"proper":[175],"modifications":[176],"on":[177,190],"structure,":[180],"easily":[183],"trained":[184],"has":[186],"reliable":[187],"convergency.":[188],"Experiments":[189],"four":[191],"real-world":[192],"datasets":[193],"were":[194],"carried":[195],"verify":[198],"proposed":[200],"method\u2019s":[201],"performance":[202],"results":[205],"show":[206],"outperforms":[209],"seven":[210],"baselines":[211],"terms":[213],"SLCFF.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}