{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2913416897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","title":"Accuracy Analysis of a 3D Model of Excavation, Created from Images Acquired with an Action Camera from Low Altitudes","display_name":"Accuracy Analysis of a 3D Model of Excavation, Created from Images Acquired with an Action Camera from Low Altitudes","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2913416897","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","mag":"2913416897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/2/83/pdf?version=1550287218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/2/83/pdf?version=1550287218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074343635","display_name":"Damian Wierzbicki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6192-3894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Damian Wierzbicki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Imagery Intelligence, Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Imagery Intelligence, Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045290265","display_name":"Marcin Nienaltowski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800249161","display_name":"Military University of Technology in Warsaw","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcin Nienaltowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Imagery Intelligence, Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Imagery Intelligence, Institute of Geodesy, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074343635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800249161"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.4667,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92445023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"2","first_page":"83","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.9187390804290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7744460105895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthophoto","display_name":"Orthophoto","score":0.7088719606399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.6304547786712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.5791679620742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5174767971038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5127354860305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5060905814170837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.49176838994026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excavation","display_name":"Excavation","score":0.45542046427726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-camera","display_name":"Digital camera","score":0.4440213441848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-station","display_name":"Total station","score":0.42576122283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3837125897407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3646810054779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.24165382981300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24042785167694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.22475504875183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.222722589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.11489814519882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology","display_name":"Archaeology","score":0.07670256495475769}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.9187390804290771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7744460105895996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82789328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922585","display_name":"Orthophoto","level":2,"score":0.7088719606399536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.6304547786712646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.5791679620742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5174767971038818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5127354860305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5060905814170837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.49176838994026184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31858485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959782","display_name":"Excavation","level":2,"score":0.45542046427726746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779705975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62927","display_name":"Digital camera","level":2,"score":0.4440213441848755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168498295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641296","display_name":"Total station","level":2,"score":0.42576122283935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3837125897407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3646810054779053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24165382981300354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24042785167694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.22475504875183105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.222722589969635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.11489814519882202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.07670256495475769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/2/83/pdf?version=1550287218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0ff1f1eb711440db8187e3bb89eb6c73","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0ff1f1eb711440db8187e3bb89eb6c73","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 8, Iss 2, p 83 (2019)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/8/2/83/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi8020083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020083","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/8/2/83/pdf?version=1550287218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323668","display_name":"Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna","ror":"https://ror.org/05fct5h31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337053","display_name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913416897.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2913416897.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W84227776","https://openalex.org/W1532175189","https://openalex.org/W1702625642","https://openalex.org/W1781337833","https://openalex.org/W1866712053","https://openalex.org/W1932721871","https://openalex.org/W1949726038","https://openalex.org/W1955069752","https://openalex.org/W1969136216","https://openalex.org/W1983553998","https://openalex.org/W2019400639","https://openalex.org/W2063712217","https://openalex.org/W2079958139","https://openalex.org/W2083361127","https://openalex.org/W2098273898","https://openalex.org/W2104974755","https://openalex.org/W2109248285","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2124313187","https://openalex.org/W2128357735","https://openalex.org/W2129404737","https://openalex.org/W2138821028","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2156116778","https://openalex.org/W2160014001","https://openalex.org/W2162792001","https://openalex.org/W2166857440","https://openalex.org/W2237424363","https://openalex.org/W2346379194","https://openalex.org/W2366891674","https://openalex.org/W2401529287","https://openalex.org/W2464762101","https://openalex.org/W2485375693","https://openalex.org/W2556502614","https://openalex.org/W2585255211","https://openalex.org/W2587918125","https://openalex.org/W2589237375","https://openalex.org/W2594510078","https://openalex.org/W2606012773","https://openalex.org/W2785841174","https://openalex.org/W2807083473","https://openalex.org/W2810909546","https://openalex.org/W2883803601","https://openalex.org/W2888238698","https://openalex.org/W2897625716","https://openalex.org/W2911702929","https://openalex.org/W4210678508","https://openalex.org/W4255675726","https://openalex.org/W6603383834"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063656053","https://openalex.org/W2780686954","https://openalex.org/W2558589469","https://openalex.org/W2289170574","https://openalex.org/W1582871225","https://openalex.org/W2393277939","https://openalex.org/W1496791732","https://openalex.org/W2910338790","https://openalex.org/W2389131491","https://openalex.org/W2277583479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,36,58,61,84,90,111,120,133,137,142,156,162,177,183,188,196,199,203,208,212,228,231],"last":[2],"few":[3],"years,":[4],"Unmanned":[5],"Aerial":[6],"Vehicles":[7],"(UAVs)":[8],"equipped":[9,66,234],"with":[10,67,235,239],"compact":[11,251],"digital":[12,80,252],"cameras,":[13],"have":[14],"become":[15],"a":[16,54,79,107,168,215,240],"cheap":[17],"and":[18,25,48,77,132,182,207],"efficient":[19],"alternative":[20],"to":[21,71,96,151,249],"classic":[22],"aerial":[23],"photogrammetry":[24,29],"close-range":[26],"photogrammetry.":[27],"Low-altitude":[28],"has":[30],"great":[31],"potential":[32],"not":[33],"only":[34],"in":[35,46,110,136],"development":[37],"of":[38,57,60,83,92,113,155,161,190,198,214,230],"orthophoto":[39],"maps":[40],"but":[41],"is":[42],"also":[43],"increasingly":[44],"used":[45],"surveying":[47],"rapid":[49],"mapping.":[50],"This":[51],"paper":[52],"presents":[53],"practical":[55],"aspect":[56],"application":[59,229],"custom":[62],"homemade":[63],"low-cost":[64,94,232],"UAV,":[65],"an":[68,236],"action":[69,237],"camera,":[70],"obtain":[72],"images":[73,247],"from":[74],"low":[75],"altitudes":[76],"develop":[78],"elevation":[81],"model":[82,166,185],"excavation.":[85],"The":[86,101,117,172,193,223],"conducted":[87],"analyses":[88,154],"examine":[89],"possibilities":[91],"using":[93,141],"UAVs":[95],"deliver":[97],"useful":[98],"photogrammetric":[99,128],"products.":[100],"experiments":[102],"were":[103,139],"carried":[104,124],"out":[105,125],"on":[106,211],"closed":[108],"excavation":[109,157,200],"town":[112],"Mince":[114],"(north-eastern":[115],"Poland).":[116],"flight":[118],"over":[119],"examined":[121],"area":[122],"was":[123,130,167,186,219],"autonomously.":[126],"A":[127],"network":[129],"designed,":[131],"reference":[134,184],"areas":[135],"mine":[138],"measured":[140,201,210],"Global":[143],"Navigation":[144],"Satellite":[145],"System-Real":[146],"Time":[147],"Kinematic":[148],"(GNSS-RTK)":[149],"method":[150,206],"perform":[152],"accuracy":[153],"3D":[158],"model.":[159],"Representation":[160],"created":[163],"numerical":[164],"terrain":[165],"dense":[169,179,216],"point":[170,180,217],"cloud.":[171],"average":[173],"height":[174],"difference":[175,194],"between":[176,195],"generated":[178],"cloud":[181,218],"within":[187],"range":[189],"0.01\u20130.13":[191],"m.":[192],"volume":[197,209],"by":[202],"GNSS":[204],"kinematic":[205],"basis":[213],"less":[220],"than":[221],"1%.":[222],"obtained":[224],"results":[225],"show":[226],"that":[227],"UAV":[233],"camera":[238],"wide-angle":[241],"lens,":[242],"allows":[243],"for":[244],"obtaining":[245],"high-accuracy":[246],"comparable":[248],"classic,":[250],"cameras.":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-04T07:58:01.006859","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}