{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2883618661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","title":"A Comparative Study of Three Non-Geostatistical Methods for Optimising Digital Elevation Model Interpolation","display_name":"A Comparative Study of Three Non-Geostatistical Methods for Optimising Digital Elevation Model Interpolation","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2883618661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","mag":"2883618661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7080300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/8/300/pdf?version=1532690656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/8/300/pdf?version=1532690656","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031234705","display_name":"Serajis Salekin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-1721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Serajis Salekin","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3037-1721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jack H. Burgess","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jack H. Burgess","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071688023","display_name":"Justin Morgenroth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7349"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin Morgenroth","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2747-7349","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049962755","display_name":"Euan G. Mason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-9106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185492890","display_name":"University of Canterbury","ror":"https://ror.org/03y7q9t39","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Euan G. Mason","raw_affiliation_strings":["New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9024-9106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New Zealand School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015298605","display_name":"Dean F. Meason","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7592-0827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154136665","display_name":"Scion","ror":"https://ror.org/048r72142","country_code":"NZ","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154136665","https://openalex.org/I4405260297"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dean F. Meason","raw_affiliation_strings":["Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Scion, 49 Sala Street, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154136665"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031234705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185492890"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.492,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92171016,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"8","first_page":"300","last_page":"300"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10770","display_name":"Soil Geostatistics and Mapping","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-elevation-model","display_name":"Digital elevation model","score":0.8562968373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.7486073970794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7482930421829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.6591210961341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpolation","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","score":0.5933462977409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5860426425933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.4911057949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.4107092022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.34122031927108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3338751196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.3320375084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.318598210811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2355867326259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12241905927658081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181843262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q640492","display_name":"Digital elevation model","level":2,"score":0.8562968373298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.7486073970794678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7482930421829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.6591210961341858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137800194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11713455","display_name":"Interpolation (computer graphics)","level":3,"score":0.5933462977409363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5860426425933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.4911057949066162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.4107092022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34122031927108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3338751196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.3320375084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.318598210811615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2355867326259613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12241905927658081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104114177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79782","display_name":"Motion (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7080300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/8/300/pdf?version=1532690656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55accca98b054e07a776622bb4bffc72","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55accca98b054e07a776622bb4bffc72","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 7, Iss 8, p 300 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/7/8/300/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7080300","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7080300","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/8/300/pdf?version=1532690656","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320772","display_name":"Agricultural and Marketing Research and Development Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/042w6tv86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2883618661.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2883618661.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11812926","https://openalex.org/W36820714","https://openalex.org/W114281995","https://openalex.org/W163471856","https://openalex.org/W174107858","https://openalex.org/W1487823818","https://openalex.org/W1584876122","https://openalex.org/W1680398027","https://openalex.org/W1968572151","https://openalex.org/W1972754657","https://openalex.org/W1976947854","https://openalex.org/W1988696756","https://openalex.org/W1998997000","https://openalex.org/W2007933340","https://openalex.org/W2014163894","https://openalex.org/W2025209908","https://openalex.org/W2026105918","https://openalex.org/W2040316938","https://openalex.org/W2044157970","https://openalex.org/W2047884674","https://openalex.org/W2053199728","https://openalex.org/W2053697364","https://openalex.org/W2055580833","https://openalex.org/W2062725567","https://openalex.org/W2069036194","https://openalex.org/W2075004335","https://openalex.org/W2083230204","https://openalex.org/W2089055951","https://openalex.org/W2092924074","https://openalex.org/W2095200708","https://openalex.org/W2097169065","https://openalex.org/W2104977717","https://openalex.org/W2110720153","https://openalex.org/W2111286455","https://openalex.org/W2135486659","https://openalex.org/W2136965300","https://openalex.org/W2139156616","https://openalex.org/W2141363828","https://openalex.org/W2142192217","https://openalex.org/W2155300412","https://openalex.org/W2158714173","https://openalex.org/W2158815934","https://openalex.org/W2161522523","https://openalex.org/W2267090150","https://openalex.org/W2280403207","https://openalex.org/W2325115425","https://openalex.org/W2344705043","https://openalex.org/W2347729430","https://openalex.org/W2479955877","https://openalex.org/W2519812196","https://openalex.org/W2603491811","https://openalex.org/W2735350550","https://openalex.org/W2739466845","https://openalex.org/W2765382282","https://openalex.org/W2778905326","https://openalex.org/W2806339229","https://openalex.org/W2999133601","https://openalex.org/W4211113887","https://openalex.org/W4385891938","https://openalex.org/W6653069226","https://openalex.org/W6679981012","https://openalex.org/W6689871404","https://openalex.org/W6695174959","https://openalex.org/W6726793670","https://openalex.org/W6747575622","https://openalex.org/W6855366997"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3148155918","https://openalex.org/W2462682329","https://openalex.org/W4206741056","https://openalex.org/W3040595263","https://openalex.org/W1621772017","https://openalex.org/W4239147863","https://openalex.org/W2909855017","https://openalex.org/W2352163239","https://openalex.org/W2264981486","https://openalex.org/W4210419302"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0,196],"is":[1,88,293],"common":[2],"to":[3,35,45,60,75,78,90,109,128,136,296,304,315,326],"generate":[4,38,297],"digital":[5],"elevation":[6,118,180],"models":[7,119],"(DEMs)":[8],"from":[9,71,125,173,228],"aerial":[10],"laser":[11],"scanning":[12],"(ALS)":[13],"data.":[14],"However,":[15],"cost":[16],"and":[17,37,62,68,106,139,159,164,191,236,264,321],"lack":[18],"of":[19,85],"knowledge":[20],"may":[21],"preclude":[22],"its":[23],"use.":[24],"In":[25,249],"contrast,":[26],"global":[27],"navigation":[28],"satellite":[29],"systems":[30],"(GNSS)":[31],"are":[32],"seldom":[33],"used":[34,295,303],"collect":[36],"DEMs.":[39,81,307],"These":[40],"receivers":[41],"have":[42],"the":[43,83,200,206,224,251,255,259,311,317],"potential":[44],"be":[46,57,76,302],"considered":[47],"as":[48,54],"data":[49,65,87,107,147,175,261,300],"sources":[50],"for":[51,313],"DEM":[52,92,115,171,226,272],"interpolation,":[53],"they":[55],"can":[56,301],"inexpensive,":[58],"easy":[59],"use,":[61],"mobile.":[63],"The":[64,145,220],"interpolation":[66,319],"method":[67,73,222,320],"spatial":[69,104,322],"resolution":[70,105,323],"this":[72],"needs":[74],"optimised":[77],"create":[79,305],"accurate":[80,306],"Moreover,":[82],"density":[84],"GNSS":[86,146],"likely":[89],"affect":[91],"accuracy.":[93,116,257],"This":[94,284,308],"study":[95,285,309],"investigates":[96],"three":[97],"different":[98],"deterministic":[99],"approaches,":[100],"in":[101,209,288,324],"combination":[102],"with":[103,122],"thinning,":[108],"determine":[110],"their":[111],"combined":[112],"effects":[113],"on":[114,271],"Digital":[117,179],"were":[120,148,167],"interpolated,":[121],"resolutions":[123],"ranging":[124],"0.5":[126,203],"m":[127,130,235],"10":[129],"using":[131],"natural":[132],"neighbour":[133],"(NaN),":[134],"topo":[135],"raster":[137],"(ANUDEM),":[138],"inverse":[140],"distance":[141],"weighted":[142],"(IDW)":[143],"methods.":[144],"thinned":[149],"by":[150,185,262],"25%":[151,263],"(0.389":[152],"points":[153,157,162,177,282],"m\u22122),":[154,158],"50%":[155,266],"(0.259":[156],"75%":[160,279],"(0.129":[161,281],"m\u22122)":[163],"resulting":[165,210],"DEMs":[166,211],"contrast":[168],"against":[169],"a":[170,229,244,289,328],"interpolated":[172],"unthinned":[174],"(0.519":[176],"m\u22122).":[178,283],"model":[181],"accuracy":[182,227,275],"was":[183,197],"measured":[184],"root":[186],"mean":[187,192],"square":[188],"error":[189,194],"(RMSE)":[190],"absolute":[193],"(MAE).":[195],"found":[198],"that":[199],"highest":[201],"resolution,":[202],"m,":[204,215],"produced":[205,243],"lowest":[207,256],"errors":[208],"(RMSE":[212,232],"=":[213,217,233,238],"0.428":[214],"MAE":[216,237],"0.274":[218],"m).":[219],"ANUDEM":[221],"yielded":[223],"greatest":[225],"quantitative":[230],"perspective":[231],"0.305":[234],"0.197":[239],"m);":[240],"however,":[241,274],"NaN":[242],"more":[245],"visually":[246],"appealing":[247],"surface.":[248],"all":[250],"assessments,":[252],"IDW":[253],"showed":[254,286],"Thinning":[258],"input":[260],"even":[265],"had":[267],"relatively":[268],"little":[269],"impact":[270],"quality;":[273],"decreased":[276],"markedly":[277],"at":[278],"thinning":[280],"that,":[287],"time":[290],"where":[291],"ALS":[292],"commonly":[294],"DEMs,":[298],"GNSS-surveyed":[299],"confirmed":[310],"need":[312],"optimization":[314],"choose":[316],"appropriate":[318],"order":[325],"produce":[327],"reliable":[329],"DEM.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
