{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2800663612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","title":"Extraction of Terrain Feature Lines from Elevation Contours Using a Directed Adjacent Relation Tree","display_name":"Extraction of Terrain Feature Lines from Elevation Contours Using a Directed Adjacent Relation Tree","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2800663612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","mag":"2800663612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7050163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/5/163/pdf?version=1525349764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/5/163/pdf?version=1525349764","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101808664","display_name":"Chengming Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9438-4871"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengming Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110533890","display_name":"Peipei Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Peipei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031649840","display_name":"Pengda Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5498-1949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengda Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100386603","display_name":"Xiaoli Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4792-2267"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping, Beijing 100830, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110533890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.1343,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.4893462,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5","first_page":"163","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.6694040298461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contour-line","display_name":"Contour line","score":0.6505277156829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5516975522041321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5389254093170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.5193403959274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46982717514038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-detection","display_name":"Edge detection","score":0.4596395790576935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delaunay-triangulation","display_name":"Delaunay triangulation","score":0.44716840982437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elevation","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","score":0.4261210262775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triangulation","display_name":"Triangulation","score":0.42532503604888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4183550477027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4079291522502899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40497317910194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.351158082485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24478799104690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.24166831374168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21952208876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.20604965090751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.1775820553302765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1769590675830841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1519276201725006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.11448320746421814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.6694040298461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86069527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6653802","display_name":"Contour line","level":2,"score":0.6505277156829834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5516975522041321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5389254093170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.5193403959274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46982717514038086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.4596395790576935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68010082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192445","display_name":"Delaunay triangulation","level":2,"score":0.44716840982437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37054046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641888","display_name":"Elevation (ballistics)","level":2,"score":0.4261210262775421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.42532503604888916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4183550477027893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4079291522502899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40497317910194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.351158082485199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24478799104690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.24166831374168396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21952208876609802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.20604965090751648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.1775820553302765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1769590675830841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1519276201725006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.11448320746421814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7050163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/5/163/pdf?version=1525349764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a80d98b5e49b43b4ae85ba7e06641d03","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a80d98b5e49b43b4ae85ba7e06641d03","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 7, Iss 5, p 163 (2018)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/7/5/163/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 7; Issue 5; Pages: 163","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi7050163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7050163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/7/5/163/pdf?version=1525349764","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1872014126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016YFF0201305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800663612.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2800663612.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47904513","https://openalex.org/W333062649","https://openalex.org/W1499543463","https://openalex.org/W1979228567","https://openalex.org/W1981934656","https://openalex.org/W1983505811","https://openalex.org/W1995378301","https://openalex.org/W2003750038","https://openalex.org/W2010585683","https://openalex.org/W2020520924","https://openalex.org/W2025924291","https://openalex.org/W2042755456","https://openalex.org/W2048459265","https://openalex.org/W2058989127","https://openalex.org/W2075665304","https://openalex.org/W2077584999","https://openalex.org/W2083324602","https://openalex.org/W2087884757","https://openalex.org/W2099140386","https://openalex.org/W2104527017","https://openalex.org/W2115876851","https://openalex.org/W2151897820","https://openalex.org/W2153617705","https://openalex.org/W2165504147","https://openalex.org/W2170876537","https://openalex.org/W2263808970","https://openalex.org/W2370050555","https://openalex.org/W3086813941","https://openalex.org/W4250653291","https://openalex.org/W6601902878","https://openalex.org/W6656757900","https://openalex.org/W6682555484","https://openalex.org/W6783896305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381265245","https://openalex.org/W98932386","https://openalex.org/W4384811582","https://openalex.org/W2379522129","https://openalex.org/W1531930158","https://openalex.org/W2380441677","https://openalex.org/W2910140192","https://openalex.org/W2242656913","https://openalex.org/W4389104858","https://openalex.org/W2910988149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,100,164],"extraction":[1,86],"of":[2,17,73,108,140,168],"terrain":[3,26,83,153],"feature":[4,27,84,124,154],"lines":[5,47,68,113,155],"is":[6,98,102,156,171],"an":[7],"important":[8],"yet":[9],"challenging":[10],"problem":[11],"in":[12],"the":[13,34,71,106,130,136,146],"processing":[14],"and":[15,38,55,69,110,114,138,142,166],"usage":[16],"contour":[18,41,46,67,74,94,112],"lines.":[19,75],"Most":[20],"research":[21],"has":[22],"focused":[23],"on":[24,39,88,159],"identifying":[25],"points":[28,125,144],"by":[29,48,135,173],"using":[30,49,129],"methods":[31,50],"such":[32,51],"as":[33,52],"Douglas\u2013Peucker":[35],"(D\u2013P)":[36],"algorithm":[37],"determining":[40],"adjacent":[42,89,95,119],"relations":[43],"for":[44,82,152],"closed":[45,109],"Delaunay":[53],"triangulation":[54],"its":[56],"dual":[57],"Voronoi":[58],"diagram,":[59],"with":[60],"few":[61],"attempts":[62],"made":[63],"to":[64,104],"address":[65],"open":[66,111],"identify":[70],"direction":[72],"Here,":[76],"we":[77],"propose":[78],"a":[79,93,117,160],"novel":[80],"method":[81,170],"line":[85],"based":[87,158],"relation":[90,96,120],"trees.":[91],"First,":[92],"tree":[97,101],"constructed.":[99],"used":[103],"determine":[105],"directions":[107],"thereby":[115],"form":[116],"\u201cdirected":[118],"tree\u201d":[121],"(DART).":[122],"Terrain":[123],"are":[126],"then":[127],"extracted":[128],"classic":[131],"D\u2013P":[132],"algorithm,":[133],"followed":[134],"identification":[137],"connection":[139],"valley":[141],"ridge":[143],"via":[145],"aforementioned":[147],"DART.":[148],"Finally,":[149],"integrity":[150],"compensation":[151],"performed":[157],"slope":[161],"extension":[162],"algorithm.":[163],"effectiveness":[165],"accuracy":[167],"this":[169],"verified":[172],"experimental":[174],"results":[175],"obtained":[176],"from":[177],"1:10,000":[178],"topographic":[179],"map":[180],"data.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}