{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2552197822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","title":"Geospatial Analysis of the Building Heat Demand and Distribution Losses in a District Heating Network","display_name":"Geospatial Analysis of the Building Heat Demand and Distribution Losses in a District Heating Network","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2552197822","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","mag":"2552197822"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi5120219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/12/219/pdf?version=1479976944","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/12/219/pdf?version=1479976944","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029928483","display_name":"Tobias T\u00f6rnros","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias T\u00f6rnros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geography\u2013GIScience, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geography\u2013GIScience, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg 69120, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024678235","display_name":"Bernd Resch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182212641","display_name":"University of Salzburg","ror":"https://ror.org/05gs8cd61","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210167432","display_name":"Center for Policy Analysis","ror":"https://ror.org/05tew9254","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210167432"]}],"countries":["AT","DE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Resch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","Department of Geoinformatics\u2013Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Schillerstrasse 30, Salzburg 502, Austria","Institute of Geography\u2013GIScience, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg 69120, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Geographic Analysis, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210167432","https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geoinformatics\u2013Z_GIS, University of Salzburg, Schillerstrasse 30, Salzburg 502, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182212641"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geography\u2013GIScience, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 368, Heidelberg 69120, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067731131","display_name":"Matthias Rupp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7685-6049"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131582","display_name":"Geomer (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/03b2j7609","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131582"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Rupp","raw_affiliation_strings":["geomer GmbH, Im Breitspiel 11b, Heidelberg 69126, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"geomer GmbH, Im Breitspiel 11b, Heidelberg 69126, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131582"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076609026","display_name":"Hartmut G\u00fcndra","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hartmut G\u00fcndra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clustermanager GeoNet.MRN, P7 20-21, Mannheim 68161, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clustermanager GeoNet.MRN, P7 20-21, Mannheim 68161, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024678235"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I182212641","https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210167432"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7439,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76064208,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"12","first_page":"219","last_page":"219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14481","display_name":"Renewable Energy and Sustainability","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.6170057058334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.5719435811042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughflow","display_name":"Throughflow","score":0.5276293158531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-patterns","display_name":"Demand patterns","score":0.5000550746917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peak-demand","display_name":"Peak demand","score":0.4935070276260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-demand","display_name":"Energy demand","score":0.4537910521030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3670872449874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.3595150113105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.3478027582168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-management","display_name":"Demand management","score":0.2814042568206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19612082839012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.18192154169082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.16694632172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.12371256947517395}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.6170057058334351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5719435811042786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778163776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7798496","display_name":"Throughflow","level":2,"score":0.5276293158531189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32597650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255044","display_name":"Demand patterns","level":3,"score":0.5000550746917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147940328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3393666","display_name":"Peak demand","level":3,"score":0.4935070276260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983177510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1853339","display_name":"Energy demand","level":2,"score":0.4537910521030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3670872449874878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.3595150113105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3478027582168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179366874","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185130","display_name":"Demand management","level":2,"score":0.2814042568206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19612082839012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.18192154169082642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.16694632172584534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12371256947517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi5120219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/12/219/pdf?version=1479976944","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a49ddee946ad44f18908c1313b027e0d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a49ddee946ad44f18908c1313b027e0d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 5, Iss 12, p 219 (2016)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/5/12/219/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 5; Issue 12; Pages: 219","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi5120219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi5120219","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/5/12/219/pdf?version=1479976944","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2552197822.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2552197822.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W299440806","https://openalex.org/W1776314870","https://openalex.org/W1903017786","https://openalex.org/W1972270549","https://openalex.org/W1972734569","https://openalex.org/W1974636465","https://openalex.org/W1979616883","https://openalex.org/W2003948968","https://openalex.org/W2018328512","https://openalex.org/W2022222737","https://openalex.org/W2025576305","https://openalex.org/W2044969722","https://openalex.org/W2052133137","https://openalex.org/W2058729718","https://openalex.org/W2079219857","https://openalex.org/W2081160624","https://openalex.org/W2181858368","https://openalex.org/W2399400337","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6712710395","https://openalex.org/W7004872742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W240153204","https://openalex.org/W2051549058","https://openalex.org/W2910647246","https://openalex.org/W4387657298","https://openalex.org/W2173475281","https://openalex.org/W2044008857","https://openalex.org/W2790519083","https://openalex.org/W4388128414","https://openalex.org/W1989462081","https://openalex.org/W2131755948"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,114,149],"district":[1],"heating":[2,80],"(DH)":[3],"demand":[4,31,78,93,180],"of":[5,69,100,170,175],"various":[6,60],"systems":[7],"has":[8],"been":[9],"simulated":[10,44,144],"in":[11,37,40,47,131,192],"several":[12],"studies.":[13],"Most":[14],"studies":[15],"focus":[16],"on":[17,96,162],"the":[18,23,29,74,91,97,106,112,119,124,127,158,168,178,188],"temporal":[19],"aspects":[20],"rather":[21],"than":[22],"spatial":[24,150],"component.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"study,":[28],"DH":[30,35,103],"for":[32,79,87],"a":[33,38,48,139,163,173],"medium-sized":[34],"network":[36,104],"city":[39],"southern":[41],"Germany":[42],"is":[43,85,94,109],"and":[45,56,67,81,105,172],"analyzed":[46],"spatially":[49],"explicit":[50],"approach.":[51],"Initially,":[52],"buildings":[53,171],"are":[54,71,122,142,152],"geo-located":[55],"attributes":[57],"obtained":[58],"from":[59],"sources":[61],"including":[62],"building":[63],"type,":[64],"ground":[65],"area,":[66],"number":[68],"stories":[70],"merged.":[72],"Thereafter,":[73],"annual":[75],"primary":[76],"energy":[77,92,176],"domestic":[82],"hot":[83],"water":[84,107],"calculated":[86],"individual":[88],"buildings.":[89],"Subsequently,":[90],"aggregated":[95],"segment":[98],"level":[99],"an":[101],"existing":[102],"flow":[108],"routed":[110],"through":[111],"system.":[113],"simulation":[115],"results":[116],"show":[117],"that":[118],"distribution":[120,189],"losses":[121,190],"overall":[123],"highest":[125],"at":[126],"end":[128],"segments":[129],"(given":[130],"percentage":[132,193],"terms).":[133],"However,":[134],"centrally":[135],"located":[136],"pipes":[137],"with":[138],"low":[140],"throughflow":[141],"also":[143,182],"to":[145,185],"have":[146],"high":[147],"losses.":[148],"analyses":[151],"not":[153],"only":[154],"useful":[155],"when":[156],"addressing":[157],"current":[159],"demand.":[160],"Based":[161],"scenario":[164],"taking":[165],"into":[166],"account":[167],"refurbishment":[169],"decentralization":[174],"production,":[177],"future":[179],"was":[181],"addressed.":[183],"Due":[184],"lower":[186],"demand,":[187],"given":[191],"increase":[194],"under":[195],"such":[196],"conditions.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}