{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1859590640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","title":"Cloud-Based Geospatial 3D Image Spaces\u2014A Powerful Urban Model for the Smart City","display_name":"Cloud-Based Geospatial 3D Image Spaces\u2014A Powerful Urban Model for the Smart City","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1859590640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","mag":"1859590640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4042267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/2267/pdf?version=1445870734","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/2267/pdf?version=1445870734","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030903269","display_name":"Stephan Nebiker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8574-1988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stephan Nebiker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007228833","display_name":"S. Cavegn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Cavegn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063677404","display_name":"Benjamin Loesch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Loesch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geomatics Engineering, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Gr\u00fcndenstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030903269"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.3336,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86688219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"4","first_page":"2267","last_page":"2291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.7251157760620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6887154579162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.6484789848327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6097320318222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5254877209663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/georeference","display_name":"Georeference","score":0.5039107203483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.48936599493026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4271593689918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.4255935847759247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.41053009033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.35552749037742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.34278249740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.32945388555526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.32705724239349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11478355526924133}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.7251157760620117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6887154579162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.6484789848327637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6097320318222046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5254877209663391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75145180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772007","display_name":"Georeference","level":2,"score":0.5039107203483582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.48936599493026733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4271593689918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.4255935847759247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41053009033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.35552749037742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.34278249740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.32945388555526733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.32705724239349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11478355526924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4042267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/2267/pdf?version=1445870734","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4bc275af7319427d8c9da7aae1308b8a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4bc275af7319427d8c9da7aae1308b8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 4, Iss 4, Pp 2267-2291 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/4/4/2267/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4042267","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4042267","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/4/2267/pdf?version=1445870734","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320998","display_name":"Kommission f\u00fcr Technologie und Innovation","ror":"https://ror.org/012y9zp98"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1859590640.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1859590640.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W34896709","https://openalex.org/W577701273","https://openalex.org/W1543614547","https://openalex.org/W1598947584","https://openalex.org/W1978338723","https://openalex.org/W1984528325","https://openalex.org/W1992221298","https://openalex.org/W2001846247","https://openalex.org/W2010070805","https://openalex.org/W2026942921","https://openalex.org/W2041170980","https://openalex.org/W2054989861","https://openalex.org/W2059162049","https://openalex.org/W2059496137","https://openalex.org/W2062520712","https://openalex.org/W2072561200","https://openalex.org/W2079393151","https://openalex.org/W2093086972","https://openalex.org/W2103342786","https://openalex.org/W2103348513","https://openalex.org/W2104946103","https://openalex.org/W2104974755","https://openalex.org/W2105667785","https://openalex.org/W2117248802","https://openalex.org/W2127310338","https://openalex.org/W2132281796","https://openalex.org/W2139489370","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2159611506","https://openalex.org/W2164503820","https://openalex.org/W2217407910","https://openalex.org/W2310429885","https://openalex.org/W2791261238","https://openalex.org/W2883081962","https://openalex.org/W3017245428","https://openalex.org/W4245700923","https://openalex.org/W6616653650","https://openalex.org/W6618159328","https://openalex.org/W6640185247","https://openalex.org/W6683608294","https://openalex.org/W6683962105","https://openalex.org/W6698270594","https://openalex.org/W6748667584","https://openalex.org/W6753006154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032854667","https://openalex.org/W4389670513","https://openalex.org/W4367313141","https://openalex.org/W2031014282","https://openalex.org/W2573957257","https://openalex.org/W2948902595","https://openalex.org/W963789794","https://openalex.org/W1986487633","https://openalex.org/W3090729437","https://openalex.org/W4296849203"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,164],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,115,167],"introduce":[4],"the":[5,70,142,146,153,165,173,177,182,185,200,212,231],"concept":[6],"and":[7,68,72,77,100,105,110,131,141,156,161,181,210],"an":[8,206],"implementation":[9],"of":[10,18,29,47,75,126,150,172,184,198,208,220,230],"geospatial":[11],"3D":[12,22,111,123],"image":[13,23,52,59,124],"spaces":[14,24,125],"as":[15],"new":[16,214],"type":[17],"native":[19],"urban":[20,93,154,174],"models.":[21],"are":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27],"collections":[28],"georeferenced":[30],"RGB-D":[31],"imagery.":[32,50],"This":[33,61,80],"imagery":[34],"is":[35,55,89,96,196,218],"typically":[36],"acquired":[37],"using":[38,57],"multi-view":[39],"stereo":[40],"mobile":[41],"mapping":[42],"systems":[43],"capturing":[44],"dense":[45,58,65],"sequences":[46],"street":[48],"level":[49],"Ideally,":[51],"depth":[53,66,78,186,232],"information":[54],"derived":[56],"matching.":[60],"delivers":[62],"a":[63,83,117,132,226],"very":[64],"representation":[67],"ensures":[69],"spatial":[71],"temporal":[73],"coherence":[74],"radiometric":[76],"data.":[79],"results":[81],"in":[82],"high-definition":[84],"WYSIWYG":[85],"(\u201cwhat":[86],"you":[87,91],"see":[88],"what":[90],"get\u201d)":[92],"model,":[94,175],"which":[95,106],"intuitive":[97],"to":[98,102],"interpret":[99],"easy":[101],"interact":[103],"with,":[104],"provides":[107],"powerful":[108],"augmentation":[109],"measuring":[112],"capabilities.":[113],"Furthermore,":[114],"present":[116],"scalable":[118],"cloud-based":[119],"framework":[120,143],"for":[121,135],"generating":[122],"entire":[127],"cities":[128],"or":[129],"states":[130],"client":[133],"architecture":[134],"their":[136],"web-based":[137],"exploitation.":[138],"The":[139],"model":[140],"strongly":[144],"support":[145],"smart":[147],"city":[148],"notion":[149],"efficiently":[151],"connecting":[152],"environment":[155],"its":[157],"processes":[158],"with":[159,225],"experts":[160],"citizens":[162],"alike.":[163],"paper":[166],"particularly":[168],"investigate":[169],"quality":[170,183],"aspects":[171],"namely":[176],"obtainable":[178],"georeferencing":[179,194,203],"accuracy":[180,204],"map":[187],"extraction.":[188],"We":[189],"show":[190],"that":[191,211],"our":[192],"image-based":[193],"approach":[195,217],"capable":[197,219],"improving":[199],"original":[201],"direct":[202],"by":[205],"order":[207],"magnitude":[209],"presented":[213],"multi-image":[215],"matching":[216],"providing":[221],"high":[222],"accuracies":[223],"along":[224],"significantly":[227],"improved":[228],"completeness":[229],"maps.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}