{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1502843119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","title":"Integrating Legal and Physical Dimensions of Urban Environments","display_name":"Integrating Legal and Physical Dimensions of Urban Environments","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1502843119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","mag":"1502843119"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4031442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/3/1442/pdf?version=1439887633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/3/1442/pdf?version=1439887633","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073217589","display_name":"Ali Aien","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ali Aien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075301188","display_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4256-3173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abbas Rajabifard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075661874","display_name":"Mohsen Kalantari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-5218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Kalantari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051966829","display_name":"Davood Shojaei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-9272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","display_name":"The University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davood Shojaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2152-9272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073217589"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":4.363,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92987391,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"1442","last_page":"1479"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9800000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citygml","display_name":"CityGML","score":0.9363604784011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadastre","display_name":"Cadastre","score":0.9001110196113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.6900982856750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5674514174461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5363072156906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-model","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","score":0.52422696352005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.49860072135925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-model","display_name":"Domain model","score":0.4683489203453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-model","display_name":"Information model","score":0.4618394076824188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-administration","display_name":"Land administration","score":0.4601403474807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning","display_name":"Urban planning","score":0.4501757323741913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.41703683137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3459191918373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.26405489444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.23107630014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2265506088733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21535572409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning","display_name":"Environmental planning","score":0.18646356463432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering","display_name":"Civil engineering","score":0.18455296754837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.1763966977596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12697431445121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.11632686853408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.10526001453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10466206073760986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093900","display_name":"CityGML","level":3,"score":0.9363604784011841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134207755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191072","display_name":"Cadastre","level":2,"score":0.9001110196113586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.6900982856750488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5674514174461365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5363072156906128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100463513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227322","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","level":2,"score":0.52422696352005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.49860072135925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92548554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2262868","display_name":"Domain model","level":3,"score":0.4683489203453064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21338462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662581","display_name":"Information model","level":2,"score":0.4618394076824188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777893444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17093254","display_name":"Land administration","level":2,"score":0.4601403474807739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.4501757323741913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.41703683137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3459191918373108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.26405489444732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.23107630014419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2265506088733673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21535572409629822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.18646356463432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.18455296754837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.1763966977596283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12697431445121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.11632686853408813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.10526001453399658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10466206073760986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4031442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/3/1442/pdf?version=1439887633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jupiter.its.unimelb.edu.au:11343/57068","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000364411500021&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=d4d813f4571fa7d6246bdc0dfeca3a1c","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11343/57068","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196259","display_name":"Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I165779595","host_organization_name":"The University of Melbourne","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165779595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ab16c04ff564a43845ee39c7aaeacec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ab16c04ff564a43845ee39c7aaeacec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 1442-1479 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/4/3/1442/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi4031442","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4031442","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/4/3/1442/pdf?version=1439887633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6136592523","display_name":"Land and property information in 3D","funder_award_id":"LP110200178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320974","display_name":"University of Melbourne","ror":"https://ror.org/01ej9dk98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1502843119.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W130176466","https://openalex.org/W183018094","https://openalex.org/W595044628","https://openalex.org/W596237270","https://openalex.org/W1257253632","https://openalex.org/W1490482062","https://openalex.org/W1495373550","https://openalex.org/W1502668132","https://openalex.org/W1544449924","https://openalex.org/W1558332547","https://openalex.org/W1558558494","https://openalex.org/W1561125618","https://openalex.org/W1579650101","https://openalex.org/W1626181388","https://openalex.org/W1718143478","https://openalex.org/W1880640595","https://openalex.org/W1966536765","https://openalex.org/W1986602501","https://openalex.org/W1990481324","https://openalex.org/W2002969481","https://openalex.org/W2017032238","https://openalex.org/W2026254785","https://openalex.org/W2053164535","https://openalex.org/W2088722834","https://openalex.org/W2114119364","https://openalex.org/W2140310497","https://openalex.org/W2169887268","https://openalex.org/W2181299627","https://openalex.org/W2184882782","https://openalex.org/W2187721229","https://openalex.org/W2398269033","https://openalex.org/W3013992484","https://openalex.org/W4312702975","https://openalex.org/W6607341687","https://openalex.org/W6634755226","https://openalex.org/W6685780534","https://openalex.org/W6686558081","https://openalex.org/W7008821236"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1024085964","https://openalex.org/W2116678777","https://openalex.org/W2508172644","https://openalex.org/W3085776007","https://openalex.org/W1558558494","https://openalex.org/W2054204986","https://openalex.org/W2370015322","https://openalex.org/W72287121","https://openalex.org/W3205340797","https://openalex.org/W2165382479"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Building":[0],"Information":[1],"Models":[2],"(e.g.,":[3,10],"IFC)":[4],"and":[5,33,39,45,69,88,96,103,117,125,144,165,198],"virtual":[6,93],"3D":[7,94],"city":[8,95],"models":[9,28,98,186],"CityGML)":[11],"are":[12],"revolutionising":[13],"the":[14,23,31,43,55,81,92,160,170,176,183],"way":[15],"we":[16],"manage":[17],"information":[18,66,146],"about":[19],"our":[20],"cities.":[21],"However,":[22],"main":[24],"focus":[25],"of":[26,36,86,114,131,147,175],"these":[27],"is":[29,134,157],"on":[30],"physical":[32,83,89,118,145,199],"functional":[34],"characteristics":[35],"urban":[37,122,148,167],"properties":[38],"facilities,":[40],"which":[41],"neglects":[42],"legal":[44,65,71,87,116,143,197],"ownership":[46,75],"aspects.":[47],"In":[48],"contrast,":[49],"cadastral":[50,97,162],"data":[51,138,155,163,171,185],"models,":[52],"such":[53,73,120],"as":[54,74,121],"Land":[56],"Administration":[57],"Domain":[58],"Model":[59],"(LADM),":[60],"have":[61],"been":[62],"developed":[63],"for":[64,191],"management":[67,124],"purposes":[68],"model":[70,139,156,164],"objects":[72,90],"boundaries":[76],"without":[77],"providing":[78],"correspondence":[79],"to":[80,105,135,152,158,181,187],"object\u2019s":[82],"attributes.":[84],"Integration":[85],"in":[91],"would":[99],"maximise":[100],"their":[101,189],"utility":[102],"flexibility":[104],"support":[106],"different":[107,192],"applications":[108,193],"that":[109,140,194],"require":[110,195],"an":[111],"integrated":[112],"resource":[113],"both":[115,142,196],"information,":[119],"space":[123],"land":[126],"development":[127],"processes.":[128],"The":[129,150,173],"aim":[130],"this":[132,154],"paper":[133],"propose":[136],"a":[137],"supports":[141],"environments.":[149],"methodology":[151],"develop":[153],"extend":[159,182],"core":[161],"integrate":[166],"features":[168],"into":[169],"model.":[172],"outcome":[174],"research":[177],"can":[178],"be":[179],"utilised":[180],"current":[184],"increases":[188],"usability":[190],"information.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}