{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1991837421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","title":"A Systems Perspective on Volunteered Geographic Information","display_name":"A Systems Perspective on Volunteered Geographic Information","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1991837421","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","mag":"1991837421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1278/pdf?version=1417696033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1278/pdf?version=1417696033","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044551536","display_name":"Victoria Fast","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-3864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Victoria Fast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071595948","display_name":"Claus Rinner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3847-5664"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I530967","display_name":"Toronto Metropolitan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g13zd79","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claus Rinner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria St., Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044551536"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I530967"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":28.035,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99370605,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"1278","last_page":"1292"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9829999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9718000292778015,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volunteered-geographic-information","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","score":0.997876763343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowdsourcing","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","score":0.866026759147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.681042492389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.5409842729568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5350595116615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.48240554332733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4254390001296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2830903232097626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08569827675819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.06780233979225159}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57380593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933625","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","level":2,"score":0.997876763343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62230096","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q275969","display_name":"Crowdsourcing","level":2,"score":0.866026759147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.681042492389679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.5409842729568481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5350595116615295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.48240554332733154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4254390001296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2830903232097626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08569827675819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.06780233979225159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1278/pdf?version=1417696033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:09d2d50b06af4ddab681a59986908286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/09d2d50b06af4ddab681a59986908286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 3, Iss 4, Pp 1278-1292 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/3/4/1278/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1278/pdf?version=1417696033","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334617","display_name":"Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04j5jqy92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1991837421.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W194327752","https://openalex.org/W201630325","https://openalex.org/W280301127","https://openalex.org/W1493271556","https://openalex.org/W1513447932","https://openalex.org/W1558730500","https://openalex.org/W1586216651","https://openalex.org/W1919246634","https://openalex.org/W1921623108","https://openalex.org/W1964109638","https://openalex.org/W1973997806","https://openalex.org/W1976840258","https://openalex.org/W1979701418","https://openalex.org/W1986724421","https://openalex.org/W1987349636","https://openalex.org/W1989750313","https://openalex.org/W1994138188","https://openalex.org/W2006480939","https://openalex.org/W2008251417","https://openalex.org/W2008515050","https://openalex.org/W2008627710","https://openalex.org/W2011971952","https://openalex.org/W2012021896","https://openalex.org/W2016341889","https://openalex.org/W2022315931","https://openalex.org/W2022664803","https://openalex.org/W2025828342","https://openalex.org/W2038651822","https://openalex.org/W2052847702","https://openalex.org/W2055956463","https://openalex.org/W2063935068","https://openalex.org/W2068770797","https://openalex.org/W2077780421","https://openalex.org/W2082216607","https://openalex.org/W2110645566","https://openalex.org/W2116393082","https://openalex.org/W2125592715","https://openalex.org/W2138831093","https://openalex.org/W2150130683","https://openalex.org/W2155273299","https://openalex.org/W2170122838","https://openalex.org/W2185052039","https://openalex.org/W2268831426","https://openalex.org/W2352213446","https://openalex.org/W2486238384","https://openalex.org/W2488171025","https://openalex.org/W2489872516","https://openalex.org/W2492721637","https://openalex.org/W2512173100","https://openalex.org/W2549412929","https://openalex.org/W3124276395","https://openalex.org/W3125212319","https://openalex.org/W4229918756","https://openalex.org/W4253495066","https://openalex.org/W6610244753","https://openalex.org/W6682106268","https://openalex.org/W6682706526","https://openalex.org/W6686462246","https://openalex.org/W6693885897","https://openalex.org/W6768785364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2733029865","https://openalex.org/W3032998312","https://openalex.org/W135177976","https://openalex.org/W4384486036","https://openalex.org/W1991837421","https://openalex.org/W1503094549","https://openalex.org/W2955098766","https://openalex.org/W1497983610","https://openalex.org/W1980158193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volunteered":[0],"geographic":[1,5],"information":[2,6,19,42],"(VGI)":[3],"is":[4,27,38,58],"collected":[7],"by":[8,60],"way":[9],"of":[10,36,73,89,101,116],"crowdsourcing.":[11],"However,":[12],"the":[13,22,30,34,41,53,61,67,71,86,99,113,130],"distinction":[14],"between":[15],"VGI":[16,26,37,84,124],"as":[17,50],"an":[18,95],"product":[20,43],"and":[21,52,65,92,109,132],"processes":[23],"that":[24,32,69],"create":[25,137],"blurred.":[28],"Clearly,":[29],"environment":[31,96],"influences":[33],"creation":[35,72,100],"different":[39],"than":[40],"itself,":[44],"yet":[45],"most":[46],"literature":[47],"treats":[48],"them":[49],"one":[51],"same.":[54],"Thus,":[55],"this":[56,76],"research":[57],"motivated":[59],"need":[62],"to":[63,98,123,127,135],"formalize":[64],"standardize":[66],"systems":[68],"support":[70],"VGI.":[74,102,138],"To":[75],"end,":[77],"we":[78,111],"propose":[79],"a":[80,120],"conceptual":[81],"framework":[82],"for":[83],"systems,":[85],"main":[87],"components":[88,131],"which\u2014project,":[90],"participants,":[91],"technical":[93],"infrastructure\u2014form":[94],"conducive":[97],"Drawing":[103],"on":[104],"examples":[105],"from":[106],"OpenStreetMap,":[107],"Ushahidi,":[108],"RinkWatch,":[110],"illustrate":[112],"pragmatic":[114],"relevance":[115],"these":[117],"components.":[118],"Applying":[119],"system":[121],"perspective":[122],"allows":[125],"us":[126],"better":[128],"understand":[129],"functionality":[133],"needed":[134],"effectively":[136]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-10T14:10:52.464848","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}