{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1993589081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","title":"Impacts of Scale on Geographic Analysis of Health Data: An Example of Obesity Prevalence","display_name":"Impacts of Scale on Geographic Analysis of Health Data: An Example of Obesity Prevalence","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1993589081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","mag":"1993589081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1198/pdf?version=1414655612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1198/pdf?version=1414655612","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002270006","display_name":"Jay Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1627-4837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173899330","display_name":"Henan University","ror":"https://ror.org/003xyzq10","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jay Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China","Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173899330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049246792","display_name":"Mohammad Alnasrallah","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Alnasrallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111648279","display_name":"David W. S. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-0071"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, George Mason University,  Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-0071","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, George Mason University,  Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078858588","display_name":"Heather Beaird","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heather Beaird","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103520945","display_name":"Everett Logue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294639003","display_name":"Summa Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/03p6fpw74","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294639003"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Everett Logue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Family Medicine Research Center, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44309, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Family Medicine Research Center, Summa Health System, Akron, OH 44309, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294639003"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002270006"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238","https://openalex.org/I173899330"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.5103,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90657711,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"1198","last_page":"1210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10010","display_name":"Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obesity","display_name":"Obesity","score":0.5505207777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.5485003590583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5259478688240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-expectancy","display_name":"Life expectancy","score":0.444199800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.4437706172466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.431846022605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variables","display_name":"Variables","score":0.4307164251804352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.4185386300086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.35596245527267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3468945026397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.30360841751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.2834411859512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.17321664094924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12974175810813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.09570318460464478}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511355011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12174","display_name":"Obesity","level":2,"score":0.5505207777023315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.5485003590583801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5259478688240051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133925201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188419","display_name":"Life expectancy","level":3,"score":0.444199800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4437706172466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.431846022605896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27574286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Variables","level":2,"score":0.4307164251804352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.4185386300086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.35596245527267456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3468945026397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30360841751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2834411859512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.17321664094924927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12974175810813904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09570318460464478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1198/pdf?version=1414655612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d65d32af8b7423fa682153e70c3e8a3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d65d32af8b7423fa682153e70c3e8a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 3, Iss 4, Pp 1198-1210 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/217312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/217312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/3/4/1198/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi3041198","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041198","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/3/4/1198/pdf?version=1414655612","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1993589081.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W588769813","https://openalex.org/W1491717342","https://openalex.org/W1519124291","https://openalex.org/W1599043334","https://openalex.org/W1901363482","https://openalex.org/W1966474709","https://openalex.org/W1972310745","https://openalex.org/W1974833079","https://openalex.org/W1974892271","https://openalex.org/W1975390269","https://openalex.org/W1979360315","https://openalex.org/W1982059405","https://openalex.org/W1999746054","https://openalex.org/W2008708091","https://openalex.org/W2015918699","https://openalex.org/W2026169687","https://openalex.org/W2045066934","https://openalex.org/W2060766774","https://openalex.org/W2105008617","https://openalex.org/W2106110319","https://openalex.org/W2125932725","https://openalex.org/W2131454803","https://openalex.org/W2136922698","https://openalex.org/W2152374827","https://openalex.org/W2153630285","https://openalex.org/W2167151437","https://openalex.org/W2581684202","https://openalex.org/W2885808325","https://openalex.org/W2916596946","https://openalex.org/W6661686568","https://openalex.org/W6753421521"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2603635278","https://openalex.org/W4206974938","https://openalex.org/W2800882488","https://openalex.org/W2394066883","https://openalex.org/W2923419174","https://openalex.org/W4246886038","https://openalex.org/W16429937","https://openalex.org/W2272785986","https://openalex.org/W4309189243","https://openalex.org/W4363647291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"prevalence":[1,68],"of":[2,42,56,66,82,86,99,149,162,167,243],"obesity":[3,67,126,171],"has":[4],"increased":[5],"dramatically":[6],"in":[7,49,84,182],"recent":[8],"decades.":[9],"It":[10],"is":[11],"an":[12,70,146,156],"important":[13],"public":[14],"health":[15,23,57,168],"issue":[16],"as":[17,26,69,97,206],"it":[18,45],"causes":[19],"many":[20,50],"other":[21],"chronic":[22],"conditions,":[24],"such":[25,205],"hypertension,":[27],"cardiovascular":[28],"diseases,":[29],"and":[30,38,59,93,130,139,177,198],"type":[31],"II":[32],"diabetics.":[33],"Obesity":[34],"affects":[35],"life":[36],"expectancy":[37],"even":[39],"the":[40,63,113,123,160,244],"quality":[41],"lives.":[43],"Eventually,":[44],"increases":[46],"social":[47],"costs":[48,55],"ways":[51],"due":[52],"to":[53,104,121,239],"increasing":[54],"care":[58],"workplace":[60],"absenteeism.":[61],"Using":[62],"spatial":[64,194],"patterns":[65],"example;":[71],"we":[72,116,186,229],"show":[73,222],"how":[74,106],"different":[75,80,107,218,224],"geographic":[76,100,108,163,219,235],"units":[77,98,236],"can":[78],"reveal":[79,105],"degrees":[81],"detail":[83],"results":[85],"analysis.":[87,101],"We":[88],"used":[89,238],"both":[90],"census":[91,94],"tracts":[92],"block":[95],"groups":[96],"In":[102],"addition;":[103],"scales":[109,164,220],"may":[110],"impact":[111],"on":[112,165,174,179],"analytic":[114],"results;":[115],"applied":[117],"geographically":[118,189],"weighted":[119,190],"regression":[120,153,191,203,210],"model":[122,154],"relationships":[124],"between":[125,196],"rates":[127],"(dependent":[128],"variable)":[129],"three":[131],"independent":[132,199],"variables;":[133,151],"including":[134,145],"education":[135],"attainment;":[136],"unemployment":[137],"rates;":[138],"median":[140],"family":[141],"income.":[142],"Though":[143],"not":[144],"exhaustive":[147],"list":[148],"explanatory":[150],"this":[152],"provides":[155],"example":[157],"for":[158],"revealing":[159],"impacts":[161],"analysis":[166],"data.":[169],"With":[170,226],"data":[172],"based":[173],"reported":[175],"heights":[176],"weights":[178],"driver\u2019s":[180],"licenses":[181],"Summit":[183],"County,":[184],"Ohio,":[185],"demonstrated":[187],"that":[188,201],"reveals":[192],"varying":[193],"trends":[195],"dependent":[197],"variables":[200],"conventional":[202],"models":[204],"ordinary":[207],"least":[208],"squares":[209],"cannot.":[211],"Most":[212],"importantly,":[213],"analyses":[214],"carried":[215],"out":[216],"with":[217],"do":[221],"very":[223],"results.":[225],"these":[227],"findings,":[228],"suggest":[230],"that,":[231],"while":[232],"possible,":[233],"smaller":[234],"be":[237],"allow":[240],"better":[241],"understanding":[242],"studies":[245],"phenomena.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}