{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1977356379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","title":"Indoor Positioning for Smartphones Using Asynchronous Ultrasound Trilateration","display_name":"Indoor Positioning for Smartphones Using Asynchronous Ultrasound Trilateration","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1977356379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","mag":"1977356379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi2030598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/2/3/598/pdf?version=1372335602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/2/3/598/pdf?version=1372335602","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090041147","display_name":"Viacheslav Filonenko","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Viacheslav Filonenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036943385","display_name":"Charlie Cullen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8435-023X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlie Cullen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025535548","display_name":"James D. Carswell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4766-7297"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Carswell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Digital Media Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":5.3423,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95771976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"598","last_page":"620"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13121","display_name":"Radio Wave Propagation Studies","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trilateration","display_name":"Trilateration","score":0.9725701212882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilateration","display_name":"Multilateration","score":0.8251948356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7382098436355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.6329464316368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-positioning-system","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","score":0.5938873887062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asynchronous-communication","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","score":0.5730454921722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-phone","display_name":"Mobile phone","score":0.4506804645061493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.4139879047870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.410494327545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3329692482948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32096949219703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.28011786937713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1887562870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14723467826843262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20832178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146298","display_name":"Trilateration","level":3,"score":0.9725701212882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104037064","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1640884","display_name":"Multilateration","level":3,"score":0.8251948356628418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7382098436355591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6329464316368103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.5938873887062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151319957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752739","display_name":"Asynchronous communication","level":2,"score":0.5730454921722412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777421447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Mobile phone","level":2,"score":0.4506804645061493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.4139879047870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.410494327545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3329692482948303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32096949219703674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.28011786937713623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1887562870979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14723467826843262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi2030598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/2/3/598/pdf?version=1372335602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:http://www.rian.ie/65191/","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://arrow.dit.ie/dmcart/52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400033","display_name":"Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I115570527","host_organization_name":"Dublin Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115570527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arrow.tudublin.ie:dmcart-1068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://arrow.tudublin.ie/dmcart/52","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196307","display_name":"Arrow - TU Dublin (Technological University Dublin)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210144925","host_organization_name":"Technological University Dublin","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210144925"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Articles","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fd19aeda7d6a4125badbd5e78a0dfe5f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fd19aeda7d6a4125badbd5e78a0dfe5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 2, Iss 3, Pp 598-620 (2013)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/2/3/598/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 2; Issue 3; Pages: 598-620","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi2030598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi2030598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/2/3/598/pdf?version=1372335602","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320838","display_name":"Higher Education Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/0471xye93"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1977356379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1977356379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W187539745","https://openalex.org/W611209876","https://openalex.org/W1560270123","https://openalex.org/W1593595890","https://openalex.org/W1790231888","https://openalex.org/W1926706598","https://openalex.org/W1964934429","https://openalex.org/W2001777999","https://openalex.org/W2034152585","https://openalex.org/W2055284809","https://openalex.org/W2056894347","https://openalex.org/W2079797201","https://openalex.org/W2108432483","https://openalex.org/W2118602640","https://openalex.org/W2128587884","https://openalex.org/W2132110947","https://openalex.org/W2137767462","https://openalex.org/W2142682167","https://openalex.org/W2147107061","https://openalex.org/W2147981803","https://openalex.org/W2165158100","https://openalex.org/W2166644671","https://openalex.org/W2171785275","https://openalex.org/W4251359016","https://openalex.org/W6681338424","https://openalex.org/W6990182213"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970524074","https://openalex.org/W2995924631","https://openalex.org/W4287993193","https://openalex.org/W2910126301","https://openalex.org/W2063461694","https://openalex.org/W4312068750","https://openalex.org/W4387757182","https://openalex.org/W3112404039","https://openalex.org/W1926767291","https://openalex.org/W3134877484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"smartphones":[1,15,25,54],"are":[2],"a":[3,93,143],"great":[4],"platform":[5],"for":[6,14,24,50],"Location":[7],"Based":[8],"Services":[9],"(LBS).":[10],"While":[11],"outdoor":[12],"LBS":[13,23],"has":[16,26],"proven":[17],"to":[18,32,63],"be":[19],"very":[20],"successful,":[21],"indoor":[22,47,75],"not":[27],"yet":[28],"fully":[29],"developed":[30],"due":[31],"the":[33,57,111,122],"lack":[34],"of":[35,60,95,103,108,119],"an":[36,45],"accurate":[37,46],"positioning":[38,48,76,133],"technology.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper":[42],"we":[43],"present":[44],"approach":[49,77],"commercial":[51],"off-the-shelf":[52],"(COTS)":[53],"that":[55,97,128],"uses":[56],"innate":[58],"ability":[59],"mobile":[61,132],"phones":[62],"produce":[64],"ultrasound,":[65],"combined":[66],"with":[67],"Time-Difference-of-Arrival":[68],"(TDOA)":[69],"asynchronous":[70],"trilateration.":[71],"We":[72],"evaluate":[73],"our":[74,129],"by":[78],"describing":[79],"its":[80,86],"strengths":[81],"and":[82,84,117],"weaknesses,":[83],"determine":[85],"absolute":[87],"accuracy.":[88],"This":[89],"is":[90,115],"accomplished":[91],"through":[92],"range":[94],"experiments":[96],"involve":[98],"variables":[99],"such":[100],"as":[101],"position":[102,107],"control":[104],"point":[105],"microphones,":[106],"phone":[109],"within":[110],"room,":[112],"direction":[113],"speaker":[114],"facing":[116],"presence":[118],"user":[120],"in":[121,142],"signal":[123],"path.":[124],"Test":[125],"results":[126],"show":[127],"Lok8":[130],"(locate)":[131],"system":[134],"can":[135],"achieve":[136],"accuracies":[137],"better":[138],"than":[139],"10":[140],"cm":[141],"real-world":[144],"environment.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}