{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7167025879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302","title":"Geo-CRDT: Geometry-Aware Collaborative Spatial Editing with Robust Topology Preservation","display_name":"Geo-CRDT: Geometry-Aware Collaborative Spatial Editing with Robust Topology Preservation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7167025879","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15070302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114093487","display_name":"P. Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7129-8907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengcheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7129-8907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128337885","display_name":"Zhongbo Shao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongbo Shao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1913-5596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101626214","display_name":"Lin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4601-6107"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069168307","display_name":"Jingju Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingju Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5139914151","display_name":"Tian Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054184725","display_name":"Jifa Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-6376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jifa Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7578-6376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Marine Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068611736","display_name":"Ling Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101451","display_name":"Nanjing University of Industry Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00qf07q44","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ling Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9184-2523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Technology Training Center, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Nanjing University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068611736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101451"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68917635,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"302","last_page":"302"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.4293999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12784","display_name":"Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence","score":0.4293999969959259,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.08389999717473984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10789","display_name":"Interactive and Immersive Displays","score":0.045899998396635056,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bounded-function","display_name":"Bounded function","score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.3952000141143799}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7710999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.727400004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.5157999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.4609000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4203999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.4074999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3952000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144430266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839721","display_name":"Interactivity","level":2,"score":0.3605000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778012447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1034415","display_name":"Scope (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.35830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.2711000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776477805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4460773","display_name":"Topological data analysis","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15070302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:302833f5a3564bc6b1361dfe1a7cdb24","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/302833f5a3564bc6b1361dfe1a7cdb24","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 302 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15070302","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15070302","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G853082697","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62541122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"distributed":[1,59],"Geographic":[2],"Information":[3],"Systems":[4],"(GIS),":[5],"preserving":[6],"topological":[7],"validity":[8],"without":[9],"sacrificing":[10],"real-time":[11],"interactivity":[12],"under":[13,47,118],"high-frequency":[14],"concurrent":[15,74],"editing":[16],"of":[17],"spatial":[18,64,75,128],"polygons":[19],"remains":[20],"a":[21,57,78,104,122],"persistent":[22],"challenge.":[23],"Recent":[24],"distance-based":[25],"heuristic":[26],"methods":[27],"suffer":[28],"from":[29],"scale-dependent":[30],"bottlenecks":[31],"and":[32,103,115],"unreliable":[33],"topology":[34,97],"preservation,":[35],"while":[36],"more":[37],"robust":[38,123],"application-layer":[39],"caching":[40],"mechanisms":[41],"still":[42],"incur":[43],"severe":[44],"queuing":[45],"latency":[46],"intense":[48],"concurrency.":[49],"To":[50],"overcome":[51],"these":[52],"limitations,":[53],"we":[54],"propose":[55],"Geo-CRDT,":[56],"geometry-aware":[58],"data":[60],"structure":[61],"that":[62,110],"integrates":[63],"constraints":[65],"directly":[66],"into":[67,77],"its":[68],"underlying":[69],"architecture.":[70],"By":[71],"dynamically":[72],"isolating":[73],"entanglements":[76],"strictly":[79],"bounded":[80],"local":[81,96],"scope":[82],"S,":[83],"the":[84,95],"system":[85],"deterministically":[86],"resolves":[87],"complex":[88],"2D":[89],"conflicts":[90],"via":[91],"scalar":[92],"projection,":[93],"repairing":[94],"in":[98],"O(|S|)":[99],"time.":[100],"Rigorous":[101],"simulations":[102],"15-participant":[105],"real-world":[106],"case":[107],"study":[108],"validate":[109],"Geo-CRDT":[111],"sustains":[112],"low-latency":[113],"responsiveness":[114],"structural":[116],"reliability":[117],"extreme":[119],"concurrency,":[120],"offering":[121],"foundation":[124],"for":[125],"large-scale":[126],"crowdsourced":[127],"collaboration.":[129]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2026-07-03T00:00:00"}