{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7160919026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15050211","title":"A GIS-Integrated Spatial Optimization Framework for WEEE Reverse Logistics in High-Density Urban Morphology","display_name":"A GIS-Integrated Spatial Optimization Framework for WEEE Reverse Logistics in High-Density Urban Morphology","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7160919026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15050211"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15050211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15050211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/5/211/pdf?version=1778590796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/5/211/pdf?version=1778590796","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082797897","display_name":"Haijun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2177-469X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haijun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049758152","display_name":"D Z Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34949971","display_name":"University of Jinan","ror":"https://ror.org/02mjz6f26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}],"countries":["CN","NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Di Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand","School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-5653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34949971"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049758152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895","https://openalex.org/I34949971"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75488525,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"211","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.7045999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12017","display_name":"Recycling and Waste Management Techniques","score":0.7045999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11108","display_name":"Municipal Solid Waste Management","score":0.08429999649524689,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.0625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-logistics","display_name":"Reverse logistics","score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint","display_name":"Carbon footprint","score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profit","display_name":"Profit (economics)","score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overlay","display_name":"Overlay","score":0.3224000036716461}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5478000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.47839999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.44369998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345498","display_name":"Reverse logistics","level":3,"score":0.43860000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780936489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667","display_name":"Carbon footprint","level":3,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.3675000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3610999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181622380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26911","display_name":"Profit (economics)","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136085584","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910289","display_name":"Overlay","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59594135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249242","display_name":"Decision model","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989044035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronic equipment","level":2,"score":0.2888999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987704428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7900121","display_name":"City logistics","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775930972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327400","display_name":"Electronic waste","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15050211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15050211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/5/211/pdf?version=1778590796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5cb03a054861468298945b4b0802947b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5cb03a054861468298945b4b0802947b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 211 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15050211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15050211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/5/211/pdf?version=1778590796","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6877302527427673,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4447314350","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024QG174","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8457355467","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5206\u8fa8\u7387\u9065\u611f\u6570\u636e\u7684\u91cd\u5927\u81ea\u7136\u707e\u5bb3\u5e94\u6025\u7269\u6d41\u7cfb\u7edf\u89c4\u5212\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"71874069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160919026.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7160919026.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964581121","https://openalex.org/W2082034461","https://openalex.org/W2111107475","https://openalex.org/W3167391162","https://openalex.org/W3181017229","https://openalex.org/W3208740448","https://openalex.org/W4210328199","https://openalex.org/W4283009378","https://openalex.org/W4309427165","https://openalex.org/W4311746745","https://openalex.org/W4311904447","https://openalex.org/W4313453777","https://openalex.org/W4313648764","https://openalex.org/W4319294055","https://openalex.org/W4319315710","https://openalex.org/W4319745883","https://openalex.org/W4391065403","https://openalex.org/W4391300519","https://openalex.org/W4391436228","https://openalex.org/W4392019101","https://openalex.org/W4397008123","https://openalex.org/W4399385013","https://openalex.org/W4403337137","https://openalex.org/W4403942065","https://openalex.org/W4405774971","https://openalex.org/W4406678406","https://openalex.org/W4409875632","https://openalex.org/W4411582793","https://openalex.org/W4412683285","https://openalex.org/W4415720904"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"rapid":[1],"accumulation":[2],"of":[3],"Waste":[4],"Electrical":[5],"and":[6,13,30,79],"Electronic":[7],"Equipment":[8],"(WEEE)":[9],"presents":[10],"severe":[11],"environmental":[12],"resource":[14],"challenges":[15],"in":[16,95],"high-density":[17],"metropolises.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"reverse":[20],"logistics":[21],"(RL)":[22],"network":[23],"designs":[24],"often":[25],"overlook":[26],"urban":[27,112],"morphological":[28],"constraints":[29],"treat":[31],"recovery":[32,77],"rates":[33],"as":[34],"static":[35],"parameters.":[36],"To":[37],"address":[38],"these":[39],"gaps,":[40],"this":[41],"study":[42],"proposes":[43],"a":[44,67,126,131],"GIS-integrated":[45],"low-carbon":[46],"WEEE":[47],"RL":[48],"framework.":[49],"A":[50],"Spatial":[51],"Multi-Criteria":[52],"Decision":[53],"Analysis":[54],"(MCDA)":[55],"workflow":[56],"first":[57],"deduces":[58],"optimal":[59,120],"facility":[60],"layouts":[61],"avoiding":[62],"ecological":[63],"exclusion":[64],"zones.":[65],"Subsequently,":[66],"Fuzzy":[68],"Mixed-Integer":[69],"Linear":[70],"Programming":[71],"(FMILP)":[72],"model":[73],"endogenizes":[74],"the":[75,98,119],"dynamic":[76],"rate":[78],"enforces":[80],"discrete":[81],"vehicle":[82],"dispatching,":[83],"solved":[84],"via":[85],"an":[86],"advanced":[87],"Geospatially":[88],"Constrained":[89],"Multiple-Priority":[90],"Genetic":[91],"Algorithm":[92],"(MPGA).":[93],"Validated":[94],"Jinan,":[96],"China,":[97],"framework":[99],"consistently":[100],"outperforms":[101],"contemporary":[102],"benchmarks.":[103],"Crucially,":[104],"it":[105],"reveals":[106],"that":[107],"traditional":[108],"continuous":[109],"models":[110],"underestimate":[111],"carbon":[113,128],"footprints":[114],"by":[115],"34.6%.":[116],"By":[117],"adopting":[118],"spatial":[121],"compromise,":[122],"policymakers":[123],"can":[124],"achieve":[125],"19.9%":[127],"reduction":[129],"at":[130],"marginal":[132],"12.7%":[133],"profit":[134],"sacrifice,":[135],"effectively":[136],"harmonizing":[137],"decarbonization":[138],"with":[139],"commercial":[140],"viability.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2026-05-13T00:00:00"}