{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135190542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126","title":"Spatial Distribution Evaluation and Optimization of Medical Resource Systems in High-Density Cities: A Case Study of Macau via GIS and Space Syntax Analysis","display_name":"Spatial Distribution Evaluation and Optimization of Medical Resource Systems in High-Density Cities: A Case Study of Macau via GIS and Space Syntax Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135190542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126073510","display_name":"Zekai Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zekai Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3122-1641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129076864","display_name":"Liang Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3142-7704","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129039580","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8954-3641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015271484","display_name":"Qingnian Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3369-4686"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingnian Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5129072000","display_name":"Jingwei Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwei Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0785-6246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072513418","display_name":"Yujie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8424-8059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111950717","display_name":"Macau University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03jqs2n27","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111950717","https://openalex.org/I4391767947"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yile Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8424-8059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072513418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111950717"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":5.3194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93606138,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"126","last_page":"126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.38499999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.38499999046325684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.15240000188350677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.02449999935925007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-syntax","display_name":"Space syntax","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntax","display_name":"Syntax","score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.4147000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6435999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5914000272750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.46000000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3110906","display_name":"Space syntax","level":3,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.42179998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.41929998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.40310001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.39989998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3386000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777016058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574061","display_name":"Spatial distribution","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51332947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172305","display_name":"Shared resource","level":2,"score":0.2937000095844269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203689450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial database","level":3,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:650c839170dc4c7ca5b7d03ff84ec52c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/650c839170dc4c7ca5b7d03ff84ec52c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 126 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030126","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.668497622013092,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,5,13,52,130,147,198,207,233,260,284,311,326,342],"typical":[2],"example":[3],"of":[4,16,32,41,48,98,139,146,150,165,220,236,273,298,318,334],"high-density":[6,299,336],"city,":[7],"Macau\u2019s":[8,99,288,319],"medical":[9,34,49,100,113,166,203,241,266,276,289,320],"resource":[10,93,242,321],"allocation":[11,47,243,322],"system,":[12,21],"key":[14],"component":[15],"the":[17,29,33,39,46,90,107,117,156,173,212,237,240,246,270,295,315,330],"city\u2019s":[18],"complex":[19],"socio-technical":[20],"suffers":[22],"from":[23],"significant":[24,208],"spatial":[25,83,91,218,248,263],"imbalances,":[26],"which":[27,128,205],"restricts":[28],"overall":[30,280],"effectiveness":[31],"service":[35,96,101,135,290,302,339],"system.":[36,102,250,291],"Based":[37],"on":[38,253],"perspective":[40],"systems":[42,62,303,305,340,343],"science":[43,306],"theory,":[44,256],"regards":[45],"resources":[50,140,167],"as":[51,66,78,116],"dynamic":[53],"system":[54,244,254,264,323],"with":[55,133,169,201,211],"multiple":[56],"coupled":[57],"factors.":[58],"It":[59,103],"comprehensively":[60],"utilizes":[61],"research":[63,293],"methods":[64],"such":[65,77,115],"POI":[67],"data":[68],"mining":[69],"and":[70,74,82,95,124,155,181,214,227,245,278,283,332],"space":[71],"syntax":[72],"analysis":[73,81],"employs":[75],"techniques":[76],"kernel":[79],"density":[80],"structure":[84,184],"coupling":[85],"models":[86],"to":[87,143,268],"systematically":[88],"evaluate":[89],"structure,":[92],"accessibility,":[94],"balance":[97],"found":[104],"that":[105],"(1)":[106],"Macau":[108,222],"Peninsula":[109],"has":[110,141,191,206],"concentrated":[111],"core":[112,131,213],"resources,":[114,204],"Conde":[118],"de":[119],"S\u00e3o":[120],"Janu\u00e1rio":[121],"Hospital":[122],"(CHCSJ)":[123],"Kiang":[125],"Wu":[126],"Hospital,":[127],"form":[129],"subsystem":[132,164,200],"high":[134,144],"saturation.":[136],"Excessive":[137],"concentration":[138,145],"led":[142],"certain":[148],"type":[149],"facility.":[151],"(2)":[152],"Taipa":[153,225],"Island":[154,190],"Cotai":[157],"Reclamation":[158],"Area":[159],"have":[160,178],"created":[161],"an":[162],"extended":[163,215],"along":[168],"urban":[170,247,300,337],"development.":[171],"However,":[172],"northern":[174],"area":[175],"does":[176],"not":[177,186,309],"enough":[179],"facilities,":[180],"its":[182],"internal":[183],"is":[185,231],"balanced.":[187],"(3)":[188],"Coloane":[189,229],"only":[192,310],"basic":[193],"health":[194],"stations":[195],"remaining,":[196],"forming":[197],"marginal":[199],"scarce":[202],"hierarchical":[209],"gap":[210],"subsystems.":[216],"This":[217,292],"pattern":[219],"\u201csaturated":[221],"peninsula,":[223],"expanded":[224],"Island,":[226],"sparse":[228],"Island\u201d":[230],"essentially":[232],"concrete":[234],"manifestation":[235],"imbalance":[238,296],"between":[239],"development":[249],"Therefore,":[251],"based":[252],"optimization":[255,282,317],"it":[257],"proposes":[258],"constructing":[259],"multi-level,":[261],"networked":[262],"for":[265,287,314,329],"facilities":[267],"promote":[269],"coordinated":[271],"operation":[272],"various":[274],"regional":[275],"subsystems":[277],"achieve":[279],"functional":[281],"balanced":[285],"layout":[286],"analyzes":[294],"mechanism":[297],"public":[301,338],"using":[304],"methods,":[307],"providing":[308],"scientific":[312],"basis":[313],"precise":[316],"but":[324],"also":[325],"practical":[327],"reference":[328],"planning":[331],"governance":[333],"similar":[335],"under":[341],"thinking":[344],"framework.":[345]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-03-14T00:00:00"}