{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135074660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030121","title":"Changes in Individual OpenStreetMap Contributors\u2019 Contribution Behavior Under COVID-19: A Case Study in New York City","display_name":"Changes in Individual OpenStreetMap Contributors\u2019 Contribution Behavior Under COVID-19: A Case Study in New York City","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135074660","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030121"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/121/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128821338","display_name":"Jin Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Ave., 120 Boettcher West, Denver, CO 80208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6212-3123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Ave., 120 Boettcher West, Denver, CO 80208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128844160","display_name":"Guiming Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131651094","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guiming Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Ave., 120 Boettcher West, Denver, CO 80208, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7064-2138","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and the Environment, University of Denver, 2050 E. Iliff Ave., 120 Boettcher West, Denver, CO 80208, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5128844160"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131651094"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2292},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2292},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18559687,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"121","last_page":"121"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9440000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.025800000876188278,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11121","display_name":"Public Relations and Crisis Communication","score":0.003700000001117587,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/volunteered-geographic-information","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","score":0.7795000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network-analysis","display_name":"Social network analysis","score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.3212999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57380593","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q933625","display_name":"Volunteered geographic information","level":2,"score":0.7795000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4523000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114713312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551269","display_name":"Social network analysis","level":3,"score":0.4422000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.43720000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.4000999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.39590001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33629998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3007834351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82069695","display_name":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","level":5,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.31349998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776933542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18418842","display_name":"Information behavior","level":2,"score":0.29600000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131158328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307337","display_name":"Social influence","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3006700255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81068910","display_name":"2019-20 coronavirus outbreak","level":3,"score":0.27140000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79876807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030660","display_name":"Geographical distance","level":3,"score":0.2703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172656115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142613","display_name":"Social distance","level":5,"score":0.2662000060081482}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:dc33e45be3064d7aae85de5664553a61","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/dc33e45be3064d7aae85de5664553a61","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 121 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030121","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030121","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/121/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311641","display_name":"University of Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/04w7skc03"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135074660.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7135074660.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Volunteered":[0],"Geographic":[1],"Information":[2],"(VGI)":[3],"is":[4,52],"geographic":[5],"data":[6,73,222,230],"obtained":[7],"from":[8],"voluntary":[9],"contributions":[10,212],"of":[11,99,186,210,267],"individual":[12,70,258,273],"contributors":[13,22],"on":[14,42,57,127,174,194],"social":[15,43,96],"media":[16,19,44,59],"and":[17,26,48,95,113,117,198,216,247,249,263],"non-social":[18,58],"platforms,":[20],"where":[21],"exhibit":[23],"diverse":[24],"interests":[25],"behavior":[27,41,101,260],"patterns.":[28],"While":[29],"studies":[30],"have":[31],"found":[32],"that":[33],"the":[34,78,111,134,137,154,164,234,265,272],"COVID-19":[35,79,262],"pandemic":[36],"has":[37],"influenced":[38],"VGI":[39,60,269],"contributor":[40],"platforms":[45,61],"(Facebook,":[46],"X,":[47],"Instagram,":[49],"etc.),":[50],"less":[51],"known":[53],"about":[54],"contribution":[55,74,100,107,161,178,189,223,231,259,270],"behaviors":[56,75,108,162],"such":[62],"as":[63,85],"OpenStreetMap":[64],"(OSM).":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"investigates":[68],"how":[69],"OSM":[71],"contributors\u2019":[72,150],"changed":[76],"after":[77,233],"outbreak,":[80,236],"using":[81,136],"New":[82],"York":[83],"City":[84],"a":[86,191,207],"case":[87],"study.":[88],"Metrics":[89],"quantifying":[90],"temporal,":[91],"spatial,":[92],"thematic,":[93],"participation,":[94],"interaction":[97],"aspects":[98],"were":[102,121],"developed":[103],"to":[104,146,169],"characterize":[105],"individual-level":[106],"in":[109,149,153,160,221,224,257],"both":[110,214,225],"pre-":[112],"post-COVID":[114,155,172],"periods":[115,215,227],"(2016\u20132019":[116],"2020\u20132023,":[118],"respectively).":[119],"Contributors":[120,219],"clustered":[122],"into":[123],"three":[124],"groups":[125],"based":[126],"pre-COVID":[128,170],"behavioral":[129],"patterns":[130],"(as":[131],"reflected":[132],"by":[133,238],"metrics)":[135],"K-Means":[138],"algorithm.":[139],"The":[140],"resulting":[141],"model":[142],"was":[143],"then":[144],"applied":[145],"identify":[147],"changes":[148,256],"cluster":[151],"memberships":[152],"period.":[156],"Results":[157],"reveal":[158],"differences":[159],"between":[163],"two":[165],"time":[166,226],"periods.":[167],"Compared":[168],"contributors,":[171,173],"average,":[175],"showed":[176],"stronger":[177,199,250],"engagement,":[179],"including":[180],"longer":[181,239],"lifespans,":[182,240],"larger":[183],"spatial":[184,242],"extent":[185],"edits,":[187],"higher":[188],"volumes,":[190],"greater":[192],"emphasis":[193],"modification":[195],"over":[196],"creation,":[197],"co-editing":[200],"network":[201,251],"interactions.":[202],"Healthcare":[203],"amenity-related":[204],"edits":[205],"remained":[206],"small":[208],"fraction":[209],"total":[211],"across":[213],"all":[217],"clusters.":[218],"participating":[220],"generally":[228],"increased":[229],"engagement":[232],"COVID":[235],"characterized":[237],"broader":[241],"coverage,":[243],"more":[244],"balanced":[245],"creation":[246],"modification,":[248],"centrality.":[252],"These":[253],"findings":[254],"highlight":[255],"under":[261],"exhibits":[264],"value":[266],"examining":[268],"at":[271],"level.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
