{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133124558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030100","title":"Shedding Light on Explainable AI: Insights, Challenges, and the Future of Infrastructure Management","display_name":"Shedding Light on Explainable AI: Insights, Challenges, and the Future of Infrastructure Management","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133124558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030100"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/100/pdf?version=1772276995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/100/pdf?version=1772276995","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100859444","display_name":"Youwen Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youwen Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115580921","display_name":"Zunaira Atta","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zunaira Atta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019468434","display_name":"Tariq Ur Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tariq Ur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127753503","display_name":"Shi Qiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087590","display_name":"Huzhou Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/002hfez23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136834","display_name":"Guangxi Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02w9cqe69","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136834"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shi Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Engineering Research Center for 3D Digital Twin of Transportation Infrastructure, No. 1258 Kunlun Avenue, Nanning 530216, China","School of Intelligent Construction and Low-Altitude Technology, Guangxi Transport Vocational and Technical College, Nanning 530000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8027-3396","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center for 3D Digital Twin of Transportation Infrastructure, No. 1258 Kunlun Avenue, Nanning 530216, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Construction and Low-Altitude Technology, Guangxi Transport Vocational and Technical College, Nanning 530000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127755111","display_name":"Jin Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127738056","display_name":"Wei Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087590","display_name":"Huzhou Vocational and Technical College","ror":"https://ror.org/002hfez23","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136834","display_name":"Guangxi Transportation Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02w9cqe69","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136834"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Engineering Research Center for 3D Digital Twin of Transportation Infrastructure, No. 1258 Kunlun Avenue, Nanning 530216, China","School of Intelligent Construction and Low-Altitude Technology, Guangxi Transport Vocational and Technical College, Nanning 530000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Engineering Research Center for 3D Digital Twin of Transportation Infrastructure, No. 1258 Kunlun Avenue, Nanning 530216, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136834"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligent Construction and Low-Altitude Technology, Guangxi Transport Vocational and Technical College, Nanning 530000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087590"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058058976","display_name":"Zhiyu Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyu Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127742522","display_name":"Qasim Zaheer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qasim Zaheer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-6837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127742522"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":1900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2292},"apc_paid":{"value":1900,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2292},"fwci":34.8914,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99611411,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"3","first_page":"100","last_page":"100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.30300000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.30300000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.27079999446868896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.031599998474121094,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.7962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taxonomy","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scopus","display_name":"Scopus","score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-extraction","display_name":"Data extraction","score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-management","display_name":"Data management","score":0.3305000066757202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.7962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5861999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4724999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.40860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83867959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371467","display_name":"Scopus","level":3,"score":0.3666999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3580000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3221000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93692415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1502030","display_name":"Thematic map","level":2,"score":0.31779998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2767350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6662173","display_name":"Business intelligence","level":2,"score":0.31610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.31540000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/100/pdf?version=1772276995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d5842ea301e646458669a8fa20814a9b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d5842ea301e646458669a8fa20814a9b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 3, p 100 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15030100","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15030100","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/3/100/pdf?version=1772276995","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6008983254432678,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7682199974","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1734208","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133124558.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133124558.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,101],"systematic":[4,143],"review":[5,31,99],"of":[6,21,43,68,103,121],"Explainable":[7],"Artificial":[8],"Intelligence":[9],"(XAI)":[10],"applications":[11],"in":[12,79,127,145],"Transportation":[13],"Infrastructure":[14],"Management":[15],"(TIM),":[16],"focusing":[17],"on":[18],"predictive":[19,147],"maintenance":[20,148],"safety-critical":[22],"assets":[23],"such":[24],"as":[25],"railways":[26],"and":[27,35,45,59,63,82,95,107,136,150,163,171],"bridges.":[28],"A":[29],"predefined":[30],"protocol":[32],"was":[33,38],"implemented,":[34],"peer-reviewed":[36],"literature":[37],"systematically":[39],"retrieved":[40],"from":[41],"Web":[42],"Science":[44],"Scopus":[46],"covering":[47],"the":[48,98,152],"period":[49],"2015":[50],"to":[51,84,167],"March":[52],"2025.":[53],"Using":[54],"structured":[55,92],"Boolean":[56],"search":[57],"logic":[58],"clearly":[60],"defined":[61],"inclusion":[62],"exclusion":[64],"criteria\u2014requiring":[65],"explicit":[66],"integration":[67],"explainability":[69],"within":[70],"AI-driven":[71],"infrastructure":[72,173],"maintenance\u2014450":[73],"records":[74],"were":[75],"initially":[76],"identified,":[77],"screened":[78],"multiple":[80],"stages,":[81],"refined":[83],"163":[85],"eligible":[86],"studies":[87],"for":[88,154],"detailed":[89],"analysis.":[90],"Through":[91],"data":[93,118],"extraction":[94],"thematic":[96],"synthesis,":[97],"develops":[100],"taxonomy":[102],"model-specific,":[104],"model-agnostic,":[105],"hybrid,":[106],"human-centered":[108],"XAI":[109],"approaches":[110],"while":[111],"identifying":[112],"recurring":[113],"challenges":[114],"including":[115],"heterogeneous":[116],"multi-modal":[117],"environments,":[119],"lack":[120],"standardized":[122],"interpretability":[123],"metrics,":[124],"computational":[125],"constraints":[126],"real-time":[128],"deployment,":[129],"limited":[130],"robustness":[131],"validation":[132],"under":[133],"field":[134],"conditions,":[135],"unresolved":[137],"performance\u2013interpretability":[138],"trade-offs.":[139],"The":[140],"findings":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"growth":[144],"XAI-driven":[146],"research":[149],"highlight":[151],"need":[153],"domain-specific":[155],"benchmarks,":[156],"hybrid":[157],"interpretable":[158],"architectures,":[159],"digital":[160],"twin-assisted":[161],"validation,":[162],"edge-enabled":[164],"explainable":[165],"systems":[166],"enable":[168],"scalable,":[169],"transparent,":[170],"regulation-ready":[172],"management":[174],"aligned":[175],"with":[176],"Industry":[177],"5.0.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-23T07:36:19.812096","created_date":"2026-03-02T00:00:00"}