{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127300584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066","title":"Day\u2013Night All-Sky Scene Classification with an Attention-Enhanced EfficientNet","display_name":"Day\u2013Night All-Sky Scene Classification with an Attention-Enhanced EfficientNet","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127300584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045817489","display_name":"Wuttichai Boonpook","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-9380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76920116","display_name":"Srinakharinwirot University","ror":"https://ror.org/04718hx42","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wuttichai Boonpook","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5267-9380","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039632561","display_name":"Peerapong Torteeka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7454-6776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85156444","display_name":"National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand","ror":"https://ror.org/027rw9342","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85156444"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peerapong Torteeka","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7454-6776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85156444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049629682","display_name":"Kritanai Torsri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2795-806X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kritanai Torsri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2795-806X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydro-Informatics Institute, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok 10900, Thailand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058726705","display_name":"Daroonwan Kamthonkiat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8863-7844"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108108428","display_name":"Thammasat University","ror":"https://ror.org/002yp7f20","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108108428"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daroonwan Kamthonkiat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Liberal Arts, Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108108428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112959952","display_name":"Yumin Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yumin Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0447-8223","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083146428","display_name":"Asamaporn Sitthi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0938-8023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76920116","display_name":"Srinakharinwirot University","ror":"https://ror.org/04718hx42","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asamaporn Sitthi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0938-8023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014438160","display_name":"Patcharin Kamsing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-8406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91538806","display_name":"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","ror":"https://ror.org/055mf0v62","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91538806"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patcharin Kamsing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air-Space Control, Optimization and Management Laboratory, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, International Academy of Aviation Industry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6656-8406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air-Space Control, Optimization and Management Laboratory, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, International Academy of Aviation Industry, King Mongkut\u2019s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91538806"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024672175","display_name":"Chomchanok Arunplod","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6613-5600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76920116","display_name":"Srinakharinwirot University","ror":"https://ror.org/04718hx42","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chomchanok Arunplod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6613-5600","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032348344","display_name":"U Sawangwit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I85156444","display_name":"National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand","ror":"https://ror.org/027rw9342","country_code":"TH","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I85156444"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utane Sawangwit","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, Chiang Mai 50180, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I85156444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124968770","display_name":"Thanachot Ngamcharoensuktavorn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76920116","display_name":"Srinakharinwirot University","ror":"https://ror.org/04718hx42","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thanachot Ngamcharoensuktavorn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124954425","display_name":"Kijnaphat Suksod","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76920116","display_name":"Srinakharinwirot University","ror":"https://ror.org/04718hx42","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kijnaphat Suksod","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76920116"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.13614987,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"66","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.38609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.38609999418258667,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.14499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11963","display_name":"Impact of Light on Environment and Health","score":0.08950000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pyramid","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rgb-color-model","display_name":"RGB color model","score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-correction","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observatory","display_name":"Observatory","score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.4081999957561493}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.612500011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6115000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6068000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5195000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142575187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3358290","display_name":"Pyramid (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5148000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.5041000247001648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778329001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817104","display_name":"Atmospheric correction","level":3,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779919027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62832","display_name":"Observatory","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.4081999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.349700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992384748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817101","display_name":"Atmospheric research","level":2,"score":0.3476000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.3228999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196875640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249023","display_name":"Diffuse sky radiation","level":3,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.3111000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.29989999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.29440000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64754055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574053","display_name":"Spatial contextual awareness","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d73ea434e79454ba7887d679b1950f5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d73ea434e79454ba7887d679b1950f5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 66 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020066","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020066","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action","score":0.5840035080909729}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964934007","https://openalex.org/W2009693890","https://openalex.org/W2019939079","https://openalex.org/W2028451171","https://openalex.org/W2072487187","https://openalex.org/W2107558239","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2133238365","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2519654149","https://openalex.org/W2744635640","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W3007523757","https://openalex.org/W3013170850","https://openalex.org/W3035549210","https://openalex.org/W3049328074","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3171695724","https://openalex.org/W3177441189","https://openalex.org/W4200041005","https://openalex.org/W4210762011","https://openalex.org/W4220718942","https://openalex.org/W4282984372","https://openalex.org/W4320730508","https://openalex.org/W4328110721","https://openalex.org/W4364377282","https://openalex.org/W4387829268","https://openalex.org/W4388966701","https://openalex.org/W4394013804","https://openalex.org/W4394624697","https://openalex.org/W4395103359","https://openalex.org/W4405907604","https://openalex.org/W4405908244","https://openalex.org/W4406518325","https://openalex.org/W4408653618","https://openalex.org/W4409858994","https://openalex.org/W4412033438"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"All-sky":[0],"cameras":[1],"provide":[2,224],"continuous":[3,220],"hemispherical":[4,53,87],"observations":[5],"essential":[6],"for":[7,47,68,78,86,173,212,228],"atmospheric":[8,29,100,120,197,221],"monitoring":[9],"and":[10,31,81,127,147,163,184,195,208,219,223],"observatory":[11,214],"operations;":[12],"however,":[13],"automated":[14],"classification":[15,51],"of":[16,160],"sky":[17],"conditions":[18,121],"in":[19],"tropical":[20,119],"environments":[21],"remains":[22],"challenging":[23],"due":[24],"to":[25,192],"strong":[26],"illumination":[27,125],"variability,":[28],"scattering,":[30],"overlapping":[32],"thin-cloud":[33],"structures.":[34],"This":[35],"study":[36],"proposes":[37],"EfficientNet-Attention-SPP":[38],"Multi-scale":[39],"Network":[40],"(EASMNet),":[41],"a":[42,92,98,205,225],"physics-aware":[43],"deep":[44],"learning":[45],"framework":[46,211],"robust":[48],"all-sky":[49],"scene":[50],"using":[52],"imagery":[54],"acquired":[55],"at":[56],"the":[57,72,135,157,202],"Thai":[58],"National":[59],"Observatory.":[60],"The":[61],"proposed":[62],"architecture":[63],"integrates":[64],"Squeeze-and-Excitation":[65],"(SE)":[66],"blocks":[67],"radiometric":[69],"channel":[70],"stabilization,":[71],"Convolutional":[73],"Block":[74],"Attention":[75],"Module":[76],"(CBAM)":[77],"spatial\u2013semantic":[79],"refinement,":[80],"Spatial":[82],"Pyramid":[83],"Pooling":[84],"(SPP)":[85],"multi-scale":[88,164],"context":[89],"aggregation":[90],"within":[91],"fully":[93],"fine-tuned":[94],"EfficientNetB7":[95],"backbone,":[96],"forming":[97],"domain-aware":[99],"representation":[101],"framework.":[102],"A":[103],"large-scale":[104],"dataset":[105],"comprising":[106],"122,660":[107],"RGB":[108],"images":[109],"across":[110,233],"13":[111],"day\u2013night":[112],"sky-scene":[113],"categories":[114,176],"was":[115],"curated,":[116],"capturing":[117],"diverse":[118,234],"including":[122],"humidity,":[123],"haze,":[124],"transitions,":[126],"sensor":[128],"noise.":[129],"Extensive":[130],"experimental":[131],"evaluations":[132],"demonstrate":[133],"that":[134],"EASMNet":[136,203],"achieves":[137],"93%":[138],"overall":[139],"accuracy,":[140],"outperforming":[141],"representative":[142],"convolutional":[143],"(VGG16,":[144],"ResNet50,":[145],"DenseNet121)":[146],"transformer-based":[148],"architectures":[149],"(Swin":[150],"Transformer,":[151],"Vision":[152],"Transformer).":[153],"Ablation":[154],"analyses":[155],"confirm":[156],"complementary":[158],"contributions":[159],"hierarchical":[161],"attention":[162],"aggregation,":[165],"while":[166],"class-wise":[167],"evaluation":[168],"yields":[169],"F1-scores":[170],"exceeding":[171],"0.95":[172],"visually":[174],"distinctive":[175],"such":[177],"as":[178,204],"Day":[179],"Humid,":[180],"Night":[181,185],"Clear":[182],"Sky,":[183],"Noise.":[186],"Residual":[187],"errors":[188],"are":[189],"primarily":[190],"confined":[191],"physically":[193],"transitional":[194],"low-contrast":[196],"regimes.":[198],"These":[199],"results":[200],"validate":[201],"reliable,":[206],"interpretable,":[207],"computationally":[209],"feasible":[210],"real-time":[213],"dome":[215],"automation,":[216],"astronomical":[217],"scheduling,":[218],"monitoring,":[222],"scalable":[226],"foundation":[227],"autonomous":[229],"sky-observation":[230],"systems":[231],"deployable":[232],"climatic":[235],"regions.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-04T00:00:00"}
