{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126239368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061","title":"Efficient Four-Level LOD Simplification for Single- and Multi-Mesh 3D Scenes Towards Scalable BIM/GIS/Digital Twin Integration","display_name":"Efficient Four-Level LOD Simplification for Single- and Multi-Mesh 3D Scenes Towards Scalable BIM/GIS/Digital Twin Integration","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126239368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013775381","display_name":"Siyuan Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-3242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137963","display_name":"China Railway Design Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1j8d96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Siyuan Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","Intelligent Transportation System Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6707-3242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Transportation System Research Center, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102531287","display_name":"Lin Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137963","display_name":"China Railway Design Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1j8d96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lin Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080128762","display_name":"Xukun Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137963","display_name":"China Railway Design Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1j8d96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xukun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124335161","display_name":"Chunyu Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137963","display_name":"China Railway Design Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1j8d96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116474541","display_name":"Xinyu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1674-1500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137963","display_name":"China Railway Design Corporation (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03x1j8d96","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin 300251, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124330567","display_name":"Licheng Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160359","display_name":"China Construction Eighth Engineering Division (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04yt9wc05","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210160359"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Construction Eighth Engineering Division Corp., Ltd., Shanghai 200120, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210160359"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124324096","display_name":"Qilin Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qilin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013775381"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137963","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":5.3194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9107375,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"61","last_page":"61"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.3767000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.3767000138759613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.12770000100135803,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10996","display_name":"Computational Geometry and Mesh Generation","score":0.09790000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polygon-mesh","display_name":"Polygon mesh","score":0.6018999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.33169999718666077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7017999887466431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31487907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1154597","display_name":"Polygon mesh","level":2,"score":0.6018999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5795000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5174999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4311999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4124999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29123130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q874709","display_name":"Computational geometry","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2653000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135981907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188056","display_name":"Triangulation","level":2,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41365986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104153293","display_name":"Level of detail","level":2,"score":0.2628999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.250900000333786}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b9fbf41d4e3845cda9dc1919e6048049","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b9fbf41d4e3845cda9dc1919e6048049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 61 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15020061","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15020061","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1381354293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2268203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2043242530","https://openalex.org/W2051314392","https://openalex.org/W2067288944","https://openalex.org/W2097749765","https://openalex.org/W2109606373","https://openalex.org/W2124788642","https://openalex.org/W2137125184","https://openalex.org/W2235901111","https://openalex.org/W2293404936","https://openalex.org/W2348385415","https://openalex.org/W2898750906","https://openalex.org/W2945475836","https://openalex.org/W3038660380","https://openalex.org/W3150141584","https://openalex.org/W3160877215","https://openalex.org/W3174086567","https://openalex.org/W3178051004","https://openalex.org/W3215158840","https://openalex.org/W4234259615","https://openalex.org/W4252806690","https://openalex.org/W4293661293","https://openalex.org/W4307630678","https://openalex.org/W4308872167","https://openalex.org/W4399083017","https://openalex.org/W4399494987","https://openalex.org/W4400038827","https://openalex.org/W4402360624","https://openalex.org/W4410688694","https://openalex.org/W4412692730","https://openalex.org/W4413885378"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"level-of-detail":[1],"(LOD)":[2],"management":[3],"is":[4,57,69,122],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,125,169],"handling":[7],"large-scale":[8],"3D":[9],"meshes":[10,127],"in":[11],"BIM,":[12],"GIS,":[13],"and":[14,23,46,51,74,110,128,171],"digital":[15],"twin":[16],"applications.":[17],"In":[18],"practice,":[19],"both":[20],"individual":[21,126],"models":[22],"complex":[24,149],"multi-mesh":[25,132],"scenes":[26],"require":[27],"multi-resolution":[28],"representations.":[29],"Yet":[30],"two":[31],"practical":[32],"issues":[33],"persist:":[34],"(i)":[35],"simplification":[36,118],"rates":[37,136],"are":[38],"often":[39],"fixed":[40],"a":[41,54,62,87,94,139,165],"priori,":[42],"lacking":[43],"principled":[44],"guidance":[45],"yielding":[47],"suboptimal":[48],"fidelity\u2013cost":[49],"trade-offs;":[50],"(ii)":[52],"after":[53],"scene-level":[55,141,172],"target":[56],"set,":[58],"workflows":[59],"commonly":[60],"impose":[61],"uniform":[63],"rate":[64],"on":[65,148],"all":[66],"models,":[67],"which":[68],"ill-suited":[70],"to":[71,131],"heterogeneous":[72],"geometry":[73],"produces":[75],"uneven":[76],"visual":[77,145],"quality.":[78],"This":[79],"paper":[80],"presents":[81],"an":[82,111],"automatic":[83],"approach":[84,163],"that":[85,137],"constructs":[86],"cumulative":[88],"edge":[89],"collapse":[90],"loss":[91],"curve":[92,104],"using":[93],"QEM":[95],"(Quadric":[96],"Error":[97],"Metrics)-based":[98],"process.":[99],"Shape":[100],"analysis":[101],"of":[102],"this":[103],"defines":[105],"four":[106],"representative":[107],"LOD":[108,173],"targets,":[109],"automated":[112,167],"procedure":[113],"then":[114,129],"determines":[115],"their":[116],"corresponding":[117],"rates.":[119],"The":[120,162],"method":[121],"first":[123],"developed":[124],"extended":[130],"scenes,":[133],"assigning":[134],"model-specific":[135],"satisfy":[138],"prescribed":[140],"reduction":[142],"while":[143],"maintaining":[144],"consistency.":[146],"Experiments":[147],"engineering":[150],"datasets":[151],"show":[152],"higher":[153],"fidelity":[154],"than":[155],"uniform-rate":[156],"baselines,":[157],"especially":[158],"at":[159],"high":[160],"reductions.":[161],"provides":[164],"practical,":[166],"framework":[168],"object-":[170],"generation.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2026-02-01T00:00:00"}