{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7125615476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010050","title":"Construction of Ultra-Wideband Virtual Reference Station and Research on High-Precision Indoor Trustworthy Positioning Method","display_name":"Construction of Ultra-Wideband Virtual Reference Station and Research on High-Precision Indoor Trustworthy Positioning Method","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7125615476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/1/50/pdf?version=1769075881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/1/50/pdf?version=1769075881","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123762205","display_name":"Yinzhi Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinzhi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-1768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102949707","display_name":"Jingui Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jingui Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7682-5357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bing Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5292-0485"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bing Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5292-0485","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103219926","display_name":"Jingwen Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1474-5176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140329","display_name":"Jiangxi Copper (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04k7xq042","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140329"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingwen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangxi Copper Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangxi Copper Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140329"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123778547","display_name":"Zhennan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhennan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Energy Engineering Group Anhui Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Energy Engineering Group Anhui Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057727801","display_name":"Gege Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9070-7725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gege Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102949707"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11227773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"50","last_page":"50"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.921500027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.921500027179718,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.03539999946951866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.005100000184029341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intellectualization","display_name":"Intellectualization","score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/positioning-system","display_name":"Positioning system","score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precise-point-positioning","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-deviation","display_name":"Standard deviation","score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hotspot","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.36079999804496765}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6625000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6218000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130631938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q144894","display_name":"Intellectualization","level":2,"score":0.5357000231742859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5169000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.49959999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778603505","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning system","level":3,"score":0.4945000112056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202511199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239503","display_name":"Precise Point Positioning","level":4,"score":0.40720000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187394410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Hybrid positioning system","level":4,"score":0.3467000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102634674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868473","display_name":"Smoothness","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.3158000111579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778075934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Positioning technology","level":2,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.2833000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202799725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272035","display_name":"Accuracy and precision","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2732999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150189527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q356674","display_name":"Reference model","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19619285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372","display_name":"Observational error","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777486483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6026477","display_name":"Indoor positioning system","level":3,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/1/50/pdf?version=1769075881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:94434c6281ad416eaf2dd3874198fd76","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/94434c6281ad416eaf2dd3874198fd76","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 50 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010050","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010050","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/15/1/50/pdf?version=1769075881","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6888691186904907,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6559891823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42504046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322186","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125615476.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7125615476.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050442265","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2402514617","https://openalex.org/W3095917906","https://openalex.org/W3119820757","https://openalex.org/W3202247881","https://openalex.org/W4214848485","https://openalex.org/W4294811223","https://openalex.org/W4307546821","https://openalex.org/W4311985045","https://openalex.org/W4313272721","https://openalex.org/W4318602911","https://openalex.org/W4383108455","https://openalex.org/W4392508771","https://openalex.org/W4393108892","https://openalex.org/W4394874554","https://openalex.org/W4401692865","https://openalex.org/W4402857452","https://openalex.org/W4404469266","https://openalex.org/W4405002913","https://openalex.org/W4406135104","https://openalex.org/W4406185379","https://openalex.org/W4406192029","https://openalex.org/W4406610100","https://openalex.org/W4406983388","https://openalex.org/W4407384642","https://openalex.org/W4415650437","https://openalex.org/W4417438550"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,4,12,76,95,98,104,159,170,174,186,190,195,231,249,277],"development":[2],"of":[3,6,54,209,215,237,281],"Internet":[5],"Things":[7],"(IoT)":[8],"and":[9,38,63,103,121,152,212,241,257,279,288],"smart":[10],"industry,":[11],"demand":[13],"for":[14,223],"high-precision":[15],"indoor":[16,85,286],"positioning":[17,86,124,171,187,196,232,283],"is":[18,101,109,146,176,198,245],"becoming":[19],"increasingly":[20],"urgent.":[21],"Ultra-ideband":[22],"(UWB)":[23],"technology":[24],"has":[25],"become":[26],"a":[27,82,113,122,139,264],"research":[28],"hotspot":[29],"due":[30],"to":[31,93,148,182,271],"its":[32],"centimeter-level":[33],"ranging":[34],"accuracy,":[35],"good":[36],"penetration,":[37],"high":[39,52],"multipath":[40],"resolution.":[41],"However,":[42],"in":[43,60,65,173,189,284],"complex":[44,285],"environments,":[45,287],"it":[46,129],"still":[47],"faces":[48],"problems":[49],"such":[50,69,134],"as":[51,70,135],"cost":[53],"anchor":[55],"node":[56],"layout,":[57],"gross":[58,114,201],"errors":[59,68,133],"observation":[61,96,221],"data,":[62],"difficulty":[64],"eliminating":[66],"systematic":[67,132,166],"electronic":[71,136],"time":[72],"delay.":[73,137],"To":[74],"address":[75],"aforementioned":[77],"problems,":[78],"this":[79,261],"paper":[80],"proposes":[81],"comprehensive":[83],"UWB":[84,282],"scheme.":[87],"By":[88],"constructing":[89],"virtual":[90,127,238],"reference":[91,239,250],"stations":[92,240],"enhance":[94],"network,":[97],"geometric":[99,235],"structure":[100],"optimized":[102],"dependence":[105],"on":[106],"physical":[107],"anchors":[108],"reduced.":[110],"Combined":[111],"with":[112,143,248,252],"error":[115,202],"elimination":[116,203],"method":[117,204],"under":[118],"short-baseline":[119],"constraints":[120,145],"double-difference":[123,161],"model":[125,162],"including":[126],"observations,":[128],"systematically":[130],"suppresses":[131],"Additionally,":[138],"quality":[140,243,273],"control":[141,244],"strategy":[142],"velocity":[144],"introduced":[147],"improve":[149],"trajectory":[150,233,255],"smoothness":[151,256],"reliability.":[153,258],"Static":[154],"experimental":[155,227],"results":[156,228],"show":[157,229],"that":[158,230],"proposed":[160],"can":[163],"effectively":[164,275],"eliminate":[165],"errors.":[167],"For":[168],"example,":[169],"deviation":[172],"Xdirection":[175],"reduced":[177],"from":[178,268],"approximately":[179],"2.88":[180],"cm":[181],"0.84":[183],"cm,":[184],"while":[185],"accuracy":[188,197,214,278],"Ydirection":[191],"slightly":[192],"decreases.":[193],"Overall,":[194],"improved.":[199],"The":[200],"achieves":[205],"an":[206,213],"identification":[207],"efficiency":[208],"over":[210],"85%":[211],"higher":[216],"than":[217],"99%,":[218],"providing":[219],"high-quality":[220],"data":[222,269],"subsequent":[224],"calculations.":[225],"Dynamic":[226],"after":[234],"enhancement":[236],"velocity-constrained":[242],"highly":[246],"consistent":[247],"trajectory,":[251],"significantly":[253],"improved":[254],"In":[259],"summary,":[260],"study":[262],"constructs":[263],"complete":[265],"technical":[266],"chain":[267],"preprocessing":[270],"result":[272],"control,":[274],"improving":[276],"robustness":[280],"exhibits":[289],"promising":[290],"engineering":[291],"application":[292],"potential.":[293]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-01-25T00:00:00"}