{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7122819104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038","title":"Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Analysis of Net Primary Productivity in Nanjing\u2019s Urban Green Spaces Based on the DLCC\u2013NPP Model: A Long-Term and Multi-Scenario Approach","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Heterogeneity Analysis of Net Primary Productivity in Nanjing\u2019s Urban Green Spaces Based on the DLCC\u2013NPP Model: A Long-Term and Multi-Scenario Approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7122819104","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092525801","display_name":"Yuhao Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8297-3055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046843537","display_name":"Yuyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0508-2671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085806678","display_name":"Yuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1728-5762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079096558","display_name":"Yilun Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0238-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yilun Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122818483","display_name":"Yuning Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuning Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092525801"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1280897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"1","first_page":"38","last_page":"38"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.28209999203681946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.28209999203681946,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10766","display_name":"Urban Heat Island Mitigation","score":0.2605000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.1468999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-production","display_name":"Primary production","score":0.7674000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/downscaling","display_name":"Downscaling","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vegetation","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","score":0.3864000141620636}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24717449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515905","display_name":"Primary production","level":3,"score":0.7674000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.569100022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.475600004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41156917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682831","display_name":"Downscaling","level":3,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.39640000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776133958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7918366","display_name":"Vegetation (pathology)","level":2,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89920630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101998","display_name":"Biome","level":3,"score":0.34529998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58941895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295865","display_name":"Ecosystem services","level":3,"score":0.32679998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20664614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067951","display_name":"Urban ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122690726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","level":3,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34506677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5333257","display_name":"Ecological stability","level":3,"score":0.28870001435279846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180478619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574066","display_name":"Spatial heterogeneity","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5ffc9596e58a4970b82a2ddd35ec773b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5ffc9596e58a4970b82a2ddd35ec773b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 15, Iss 1, p 38 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi15010038","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi15010038","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4709357023239136,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975928375","https://openalex.org/W2020920363","https://openalex.org/W2167891208","https://openalex.org/W2289679166","https://openalex.org/W2301692565","https://openalex.org/W2402946348","https://openalex.org/W2465513310","https://openalex.org/W2521106218","https://openalex.org/W2564311868","https://openalex.org/W2585897156","https://openalex.org/W2724376536","https://openalex.org/W2764303029","https://openalex.org/W2769498364","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2796762594","https://openalex.org/W2798949579","https://openalex.org/W2886877128","https://openalex.org/W2889556966","https://openalex.org/W2910506123","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913323966","https://openalex.org/W2928474513","https://openalex.org/W2947525950","https://openalex.org/W2965397188","https://openalex.org/W2991848483","https://openalex.org/W3086176879","https://openalex.org/W3109268000","https://openalex.org/W3144486070","https://openalex.org/W3189875610","https://openalex.org/W3210694865","https://openalex.org/W4200114668","https://openalex.org/W4200152237","https://openalex.org/W4200371586","https://openalex.org/W4210911545","https://openalex.org/W4226318710","https://openalex.org/W4281392681","https://openalex.org/W4283390779","https://openalex.org/W4292429914","https://openalex.org/W4293733486","https://openalex.org/W4307960000","https://openalex.org/W4319753778","https://openalex.org/W4319946792","https://openalex.org/W4375842914","https://openalex.org/W4377191504","https://openalex.org/W4380353946","https://openalex.org/W4381849487","https://openalex.org/W4385637135","https://openalex.org/W4386435069","https://openalex.org/W4388443637","https://openalex.org/W4391144290","https://openalex.org/W4391174586","https://openalex.org/W4391783176","https://openalex.org/W4392167642","https://openalex.org/W4392436548","https://openalex.org/W4393985316","https://openalex.org/W4398194705","https://openalex.org/W4399156823","https://openalex.org/W4401924863","https://openalex.org/W4402679577","https://openalex.org/W4403475889","https://openalex.org/W4403942949","https://openalex.org/W4405974184","https://openalex.org/W4407942150","https://openalex.org/W4411682573","https://openalex.org/W4411782719","https://openalex.org/W4413743114","https://openalex.org/W4413786426","https://openalex.org/W4414001373","https://openalex.org/W4415931126"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,228],"the":[1,4,10,53,78,88,108,120,145,171,179,188,219,230,235,244],"context":[2],"of":[3,13,55,221,247],"\u201cDual":[5],"Carbon\u201d":[6],"goals,":[7],"accurately":[8],"predicting":[9],"spatiotemporal":[11,131,245],"evolution":[12],"urban":[14,23,168,222,252,264],"Net":[15],"Primary":[16],"Productivity":[17],"(NPP)":[18],"is":[19],"crucial":[20],"for":[21,257],"resilient":[22],"planning.":[24],"While":[25],"recent":[26],"studies":[27],"have":[28],"coupled":[29],"land":[30],"use":[31],"models":[32,35],"with":[33,91,124,167],"ecosystem":[34],"to":[36,150,203],"project":[37],"NPP":[38,56,132,146,161,175],"dynamics,":[39],"they":[40],"often":[41],"face":[42],"challenges":[43],"in":[44,239,251,267],"acquiring":[45],"high-resolution":[46],"future":[47,126,240],"vegetation":[48,127,248],"parameters":[49],"and":[50,69,106,191,196,201,224,242,262],"typically":[51],"overlook":[52],"stability":[54,190],"under":[57,152],"changing":[58],"climates.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"these":[62],"gaps,":[63],"this":[64,140],"study":[65],"focuses":[66],"on":[67,77],"Nanjing":[68],"develops":[70],"a":[71,92,99,113,135,163,207],"long-term,":[72],"multi-scenario":[73],"analysis":[74,181],"framework":[75,85,232],"based":[76],"Dynamic":[79],"Land":[80],"Cover\u2013Climate":[81],"Model":[82],"(DLCC\u2013NPP).":[83],"This":[84,117],"innovatively":[86],"integrates":[87],"PLUS":[89],"model":[90,110],"Random":[93],"Forest":[94],"(RF)":[95],"algorithm.":[96],"By":[97],"establishing":[98],"direct":[100],"statistical":[101,114],"mapping":[102],"between":[103],"macro-climate/micro-land":[104],"cover":[105],"NPP,":[107],"RF":[109],"functions":[111],"as":[112],"downscaling":[115],"tool.":[116],"approach":[118],"bypasses":[119],"uncertainty":[121],"accumulation":[122],"associated":[123],"simulating":[125],"indices,":[128],"enabling":[129],"precise":[130],"prediction":[133],"at":[134],"30":[136],"m":[137],"resolution.":[138],"Using":[139],"approach,":[141],"we":[142],"systematically":[143],"analyzed":[144],"dynamics":[147],"from":[148],"2004":[149],"2044":[151],"three":[153],"SSP":[154],"scenarios.":[155],"The":[156],"results":[157],"revealed":[158],"that":[159],"Nanjing\u2019s":[160],"exhibited":[162],"fluctuating":[164],"upward":[165],"trend,":[166],"forests":[169,186],"contributing":[170],"highest":[172,189],"productivity":[173],"(mean":[174],"~266.15":[176],"gC/m2).":[177],"Crucially,":[178],"volatility":[180,200],"highlighted":[182],"divergent":[183],"response":[184],"characteristics:":[185],"demonstrated":[187],"\u201cbuffering":[192],"effect,\u201d":[193],"whereas":[194],"grasslands":[195],"croplands":[197],"showed":[198],"high":[199],"sensitivity":[202],"climate":[204],"fluctuations.":[205],"Spatially,":[206],"distinct":[208],"\u201cstable":[209],"high-NPP":[210],"core,":[211],"decreasing":[212],"periphery\u201d":[213],"pattern":[214],"was":[215],"identified,":[216],"driven":[217],"by":[218],"interaction":[220],"expansion":[223],"ecological":[225,265],"conservation":[226],"policies.":[227],"conclusion,":[229],"DLCC\u2013NPP":[231],"effectively":[233],"overcomes":[234],"data":[236],"scarcity":[237],"bottleneck":[238],"simulations":[241],"characterizes":[243],"heterogeneity":[246],"carbon":[249],"fixation":[250],"ecosystems,":[253],"providing":[254],"scientific":[255],"support":[256],"optimizing":[258],"green":[259],"space":[260],"patterns":[261],"enhancing":[263],"resilience":[266],"high-density":[268],"cities.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-02-27T16:54:17.756197","created_date":"2026-01-13T00:00:00"}
