{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7115934388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120499","title":"Effects of a VR Mountaineering Education System on Learning, Motivation, and Cognitive Load in Compass and Map Skills","display_name":"Effects of a VR Mountaineering Education System on Learning, Motivation, and Cognitive Load in Compass and Map Skills","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7115934388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/12/499/pdf?version=1766050894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/12/499/pdf?version=1766050894","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng-Pin Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng-Pin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wernhuar Tarng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-5566"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wernhuar Tarng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-5566","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.308,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58287541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"499","last_page":"499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.4490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.4490000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12997","display_name":"Outdoor and Experiential Education","score":0.30790001153945923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12343","display_name":"Geography Education and Pedagogy","score":0.06270000338554382,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compass","display_name":"Compass","score":0.6504999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mountaineering","display_name":"Mountaineering","score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrain","display_name":"Terrain","score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-load","display_name":"Cognitive load","score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychomotor-learning","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4097999930381775}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7013000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778361833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34735","display_name":"Compass","level":2,"score":0.6504999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49585166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36908","display_name":"Mountaineering","level":2,"score":0.5940999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5022000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.4810999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.44999998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164953862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256440","display_name":"Psychomotor learning","level":3,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.39309999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.37689998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88610354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1813494","display_name":"Teaching method","level":2,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778662690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3125339","display_name":"Spatial ability","level":3,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119340705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628597","display_name":"Analysis of covariance","level":2,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29660001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.2822999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201004817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1707071","display_name":"Guidance system","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.2768000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.2750999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100480397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7836899","display_name":"Treatment and control groups","level":2,"score":0.25220000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10431821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510174","display_name":"Learning effect","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/12/499/pdf?version=1766050894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28086c6ed6e64c62947e39be151bff38","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28086c6ed6e64c62947e39be151bff38","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 499 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120499","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120499","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/12/499/pdf?version=1766050894","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7470049858093262}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7115934388.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7115934388.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979645287","https://openalex.org/W2011458368","https://openalex.org/W2056569531","https://openalex.org/W2130736456","https://openalex.org/W2145114078","https://openalex.org/W2494998521","https://openalex.org/W2911379327","https://openalex.org/W3195570749","https://openalex.org/W4210430116","https://openalex.org/W4214665804","https://openalex.org/W4224253557","https://openalex.org/W4254431624","https://openalex.org/W4293157137","https://openalex.org/W4294958846","https://openalex.org/W4313576678","https://openalex.org/W4383264273","https://openalex.org/W4390904158","https://openalex.org/W4391362725","https://openalex.org/W4402615926","https://openalex.org/W4409637468","https://openalex.org/W4412817689","https://openalex.org/W4415591233"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,73,89,205],"design":[4,83],"a":[5,100,129,183],"virtual":[6,63],"reality":[7],"(VR)\u2013based":[8],"mountaineering":[9,69,195,207],"education":[10,196],"system":[11,34,66,98,197],"and":[12,24,30,39,53,61,78,112,114,125,176,202,208],"examined":[13],"its":[14],"effects":[15],"on":[16],"junior":[17],"high":[18],"school":[19],"students\u2019":[20],"learning":[21,94,147,172],"outcomes,":[22],"motivation,":[23],"cognitive":[25,187],"load":[26,188],"in":[27],"compass":[28],"operation":[29],"map":[31],"reading.":[32],"The":[33,136,178],"integrated":[35],"3D":[36,59],"terrain":[37],"models":[38],"interactive":[40],"mechanisms":[41],"across":[42,167],"four":[43,169],"instructional":[44],"modules:":[45],"Direction":[46],"Recognition,":[47],"Map":[48],"Symbols,":[49],"Magnetic":[50],"Declination":[51],"Adjustment,":[52],"Resection":[54],"Positioning.":[55],"By":[56],"incorporating":[57],"immersive":[58],"environments":[60],"hands-on":[62],"exercises,":[64],"the":[65,96,140,150,168,193],"simulates":[67],"authentic":[68],"scenarios,":[70],"enabling":[71],"students":[72],"develop":[74],"essential":[75],"field":[76],"orientation":[77],"navigation":[79],"skills.":[80,211],"An":[81],"experimental":[82,92,141,179],"was":[84],"implemented,":[85],"with":[86,95],"participants":[87],"assigned":[88],"either":[90],"an":[91,199],"group":[93,102,142,152,180],"VR":[97,194],"or":[99,161],"control":[101,151],"receiving":[103],"slide-based":[104],"instruction.":[105],"Data":[106],"were":[107,165],"collected":[108],"using":[109,116],"pre-tests,":[110],"post-tests,":[111],"questionnaires,":[113],"analyzed":[115],"SPSS":[117],"for":[118],"descriptive":[119],"statistics,":[120],"paired-sample":[121],"t-tests,":[122,124],"independent-sample":[123],"one-way":[126],"ANCOVA":[127],"at":[128],"significance":[130],"level":[131],"of":[132,171],"\u03b1":[133],"=":[134,154,157,190],"0.05.":[135],"findings":[137],"indicated":[138],"that":[139],"achieved":[143],"significantly":[144,184],"higher":[145],"post-test":[146],"performance":[148],"than":[149],"(F":[153],"6.37,":[155],"p":[156],"0.014).":[158],"Moreover,":[159],"significant":[160,163],"highly":[162],"improvements":[164],"observed":[166],"dimensions":[170],"motivation\u2014attention,":[173],"relevance,":[174],"confidence,":[175],"satisfaction.":[177],"also":[181],"exhibited":[182],"lower":[185],"extraneous":[186],"(p":[189],"0.024).":[191],"Therefore,":[192],"provides":[198],"immersive,":[200],"safe,":[201],"effective":[203],"approach":[204],"teaching":[206],"outdoor":[209],"survival":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-12-19T00:00:00"}