{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416592965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461","title":"A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Method with Diversified Policies for Continuous Location of Express Delivery Stations Under Heterogeneous Scenarios","display_name":"A Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Method with Diversified Policies for Continuous Location of Express Delivery Stations Under Heterogeneous Scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416592965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120611951","display_name":"Yijie Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijie Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhongan Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongan Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Geospatial Information Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha 410018, China","The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Geospatial Information Engineering and Technology Research Center, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101676817","display_name":"Yalun Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yalun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108043525","display_name":"Baoju Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-4309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Baoju Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-4309","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100604586","display_name":"Min Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7041-4418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030897972","display_name":"Guohua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-9620"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108043525"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36020615,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"461","last_page":"461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.6498000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12306","display_name":"Urban and Freight Transport Logistics","score":0.6498000025749207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.18279999494552612,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.0940999984741211,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.38999998569488525}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6568999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6373000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.46140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.38999998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49545453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883","display_name":"Urban planning","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.27709999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:486a32b65d124f67bda70f7748dedd21","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/486a32b65d124f67bda70f7748dedd21","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 461 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14120461","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14120461","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G538070971","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42471506","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7414754275","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2025JJ40034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322866","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639861265","https://openalex.org/W2004725868","https://openalex.org/W2038933051","https://openalex.org/W2050000782","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2154477224","https://openalex.org/W2301021247","https://openalex.org/W3021057070","https://openalex.org/W3030840723","https://openalex.org/W3050209628","https://openalex.org/W3145768065","https://openalex.org/W3149435761","https://openalex.org/W3216809534","https://openalex.org/W3217393143","https://openalex.org/W4251375824","https://openalex.org/W4310817520","https://openalex.org/W4312192375","https://openalex.org/W4381186551","https://openalex.org/W4384469745","https://openalex.org/W4386609980","https://openalex.org/W4386955128","https://openalex.org/W4387584749","https://openalex.org/W4388538948","https://openalex.org/W4390397349","https://openalex.org/W4390452890","https://openalex.org/W4394903958","https://openalex.org/W4399443974","https://openalex.org/W4403482901","https://openalex.org/W4405103148","https://openalex.org/W4406596401","https://openalex.org/W4410015899","https://openalex.org/W4410577937","https://openalex.org/W4410703911"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Rational":[0],"location":[1,38,57,71,108,227],"planning":[2,228],"of":[3,16,22,31,44,173,186,201],"express":[4],"delivery":[5],"stations":[6,202],"(EDS)":[7],"is":[8,99,118,132],"crucial":[9],"for":[10,59,213,223],"enhancing":[11],"the":[12,29,42,70,156,165,196,199],"quality":[13],"and":[14,79,106,149,164,177,188,203,226],"efficiency":[15],"urban":[17,26,92,215],"logistics.":[18],"The":[19,67,217],"spatial":[20],"heterogeneity":[21],"logistics":[23],"demand":[24,50],"across":[25],"areas":[27],"highlights":[28],"importance":[30],"adopting":[32],"a":[33,55,74,111,127,220],"scientific":[34,221],"approach":[35],"to":[36,86,101,120,134],"EDS":[37,60,230],"planning.":[39,109],"To":[40],"tackle":[41],"issue":[43],"strategy":[45],"misalignment":[46],"caused":[47],"by":[48,194],"heterogeneous":[49,123],"scenarios,":[51],"this":[52,206],"study":[53,207],"proposes":[54],"continuous":[56,75,96],"method":[58,68,158,170],"based":[61,114],"on":[62,115],"multi-agent":[63],"deep":[64,167],"reinforcement":[65,168],"learning.":[66],"formulates":[69],"problem":[72],"as":[73],"maximum":[76],"coverage":[77,175,185,204],"model":[78],"trains":[80],"multiple":[81],"agents":[82],"with":[83,138],"diverse":[84],"policies":[85],"enable":[87],"adaptive":[88],"decision-making":[89,225],"in":[90,145,171,183,229],"complex":[91],"environments.":[93],"A":[94],"direction-controlled":[95],"movement":[97],"mechanism":[98,131],"introduced":[100],"facilitate":[102],"an":[103,181],"efficient":[104],"search":[105],"high-precision":[107],"Additionally,":[110],"perception":[112],"system":[113,140],"local":[116],"observation":[117],"designed":[119],"rapidly":[121],"capture":[122],"environmental":[124],"features,":[125],"while":[126],"local\u2013global":[128],"reward":[129],"feedback":[130],"established":[133],"balance":[135],"localized":[136],"optimization":[137],"overall":[139],"benefits.":[141],"Case":[142],"studies":[143],"conducted":[144],"Fuzhou,":[146],"Fujian":[147],"Province":[148],"Shenzhen,":[150],"Guangdong":[151],"Province,":[152],"China,":[153],"demonstrate":[154],"that":[155],"proposed":[157],"significantly":[159],"outperforms":[160],"traditional":[161],"heuristic":[162],"methods":[163],"single-agent":[166],"learning":[169],"terms":[172],"both":[174],"rate":[176],"computational":[178],"efficiency,":[179],"achieving":[180],"increase":[182],"population":[184],"9.63":[187],"15.99":[189],"percentage":[190],"points,":[191],"respectively.":[192],"Furthermore,":[193],"analyzing":[195],"relationship":[197],"between":[198],"number":[200],"effectiveness,":[205],"identifies":[208],"optimal":[209],"station":[210],"configuration":[211],"thresholds":[212],"different":[214],"areas.":[216],"findings":[218],"provide":[219],"basis":[222],"investment":[224],"construction.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}