{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415819679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433","title":"An Agent-Based System for Location Privacy Protection in Location-Based Services","display_name":"An Agent-Based System for Location Privacy Protection in Location-Based Services","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415819679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039966963","display_name":"Omar F. Aloufi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23075662","display_name":"Taibah University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xv1nn60","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omar F. Aloufi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia","Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23075662"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062789926","display_name":"Ahmed S. Alfakeeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-2782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed S. Alfakeeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006465720","display_name":"Fahad Alotaibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9885-1775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahad M. Alotaibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039966963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786","https://openalex.org/I23075662"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39801694,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"433","last_page":"433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.3756999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.3756999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.251800000667572,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.06650000065565109,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/location-based-service","display_name":"Location-based service","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-protection","display_name":"Privacy protection","score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-software","display_name":"Privacy software","score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.35839998722076416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6292999982833862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155292070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1198122","display_name":"Location-based service","level":2,"score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.5652999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5058000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.4943000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509729295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246032","display_name":"Privacy software","level":3,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.3880999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988186277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5915793","display_name":"Location data","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.2980000078678131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019020692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141406","display_name":"Location tracking","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.2863999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146481406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105131","display_name":"Hotspot (geology)","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140547941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7797194","display_name":"Threat model","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2655999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776104089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15894079","display_name":"Location awareness","level":2,"score":0.2515000104904175}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:19920f1e89eb42ff847cae3fec9c2bdc","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/19920f1e89eb42ff847cae3fec9c2bdc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 433 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982590063","https://openalex.org/W2186339937","https://openalex.org/W2296615177","https://openalex.org/W2464343543","https://openalex.org/W3037717489","https://openalex.org/W3043205352","https://openalex.org/W3043224208","https://openalex.org/W3194621686","https://openalex.org/W4292261086","https://openalex.org/W4327618943","https://openalex.org/W4378903754","https://openalex.org/W4383536253","https://openalex.org/W4385986844","https://openalex.org/W4391024159","https://openalex.org/W4393357027","https://openalex.org/W4394012006","https://openalex.org/W4408323833","https://openalex.org/W4411337491"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Location-based":[0],"services":[1],"(LBSs)":[2],"are":[3,89,162],"a":[4,31,80,136,200],"crucial":[5],"element":[6],"of":[7,10,27,38,72,96,117,155,180,251],"the":[8,25,36,62,70,93,115,152,156,169,177,196,206,215,227],"Internet":[9],"Things":[11],"(IoT)":[12],"and":[13,21,30,114,146,159,186,221,242,261],"have":[14],"garnered":[15],"significant":[16],"attention":[17],"from":[18,61,105],"both":[19],"researchers":[20],"users,":[22,158],"driven":[23],"by":[24,195,225],"rise":[26],"wireless":[28],"devices":[29,154,161],"growing":[32],"user":[33],"base.":[34],"However,":[35,99],"use":[37],"LBS-enabled":[39],"applications":[40],"carries":[41],"several":[42],"risks,":[43],"as":[44,108,199],"users":[45,182],"must":[46],"provide":[47],"their":[48],"real":[49],"locations":[50],"with":[51,211],"each":[52],"query.":[53],"This":[54],"can":[55],"expose":[56],"them":[57],"to":[58,66,91,134,142,175,213,235],"potential":[59],"attacks":[60,113],"LBS":[63,97,157,181,197],"server,":[64],"leading":[65],"serious":[67],"issues":[68],"like":[69],"theft":[71],"personal":[73],"information.":[74],"Consequently,":[75],"protecting":[76],"location":[77,86,94,100,132,178,185,188],"privacy":[78,95,138,179],"is":[79,124],"vital":[81],"concern.":[82],"To":[83],"address":[84],"this,":[85],"dummy-based":[87,101],"methods":[88],"employed":[90],"safeguard":[92],"users.":[98],"approaches":[102],"also":[103],"suffer":[104],"problems":[106],"such":[107,160],"low":[109],"resistance":[110,257],"against":[111,183,258],"inference":[112,189,259],"generation":[116],"strong":[118],"dummy":[119],"locations,":[120],"an":[121,126],"issue":[122],"that":[123],"considered":[125],"open":[127],"problem.":[128],"Moreover,":[129],"generating":[130,218],"many":[131,219],"dummies":[133,220],"achieve":[135],"high":[137,143,148],"protection":[139],"level":[140],"leads":[141],"network":[144,223,262],"overhead":[145,224],"requires":[147],"computational":[149],"capabilities":[150],"on":[151],"mobile":[153],"limited.":[163],"In":[164],"this":[165],"paper,":[166],"we":[167,204],"introduce":[168],"Caching-Aware":[170],"Double-Dummy":[171],"Selection":[172,231],"(CaDDSL)":[173],"algorithm":[174,208],"protect":[176],"homogeneity":[184],"semantic":[187],"attacks,":[190,260],"which":[191],"may":[192],"be":[193],"applied":[194],"server":[198],"malicious":[201],"party.":[202],"Then,":[203],"enhance":[205],"CaDDSL":[207],"via":[209],"encapsulation":[210],"agents":[212],"solve":[214],"tradeoff":[216],"between":[217],"large":[222],"proposing":[226],"Cache-Aware":[228],"Overhead-Aware":[229],"Dummy":[230],"(CaOaDSL)":[232],"algorithm.":[233],"Compared":[234],"three":[236],"well-known":[237],"approaches,":[238],"namely":[239],"GridDummy,":[240],"CirDummy,":[241],"Dest-Ex,":[243],"our":[244],"approach":[245],"showed":[246],"better":[247],"performance":[248],"in":[249],"terms":[250],"communication":[252],"cost,":[253],"cache":[254],"hit":[255],"ratio,":[256],"overhead.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-07T16:01:11.037858","created_date":"2025-11-03T00:00:00"}