{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415502904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110416","title":"A Review of Google Earth Engine for Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis: Trends, Applications, and Challenges","display_name":"A Review of Google Earth Engine for Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis: Trends, Applications, and Challenges","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415502904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/11/416/pdf?version=1761294006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/11/416/pdf?version=1761294006","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bader Alshehri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7985-3239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165580012","display_name":"Geospatial Information Authority of Japan","ror":"https://ror.org/042gfy005","country_code":"JP","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1308952385","https://openalex.org/I165580012"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU","JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bader Alshehri","raw_affiliation_strings":["General Authority for Survey and Geospatial Information (GEOSA), Riyadh 12611, Saudi Arabia","School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7985-3239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"General Authority for Survey and Geospatial Information (GEOSA), Riyadh 12611, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165580012"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389500","display_name":"Zhenyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102800945","display_name":"Xiaoye Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-9193"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185523456","display_name":"University of Southern Queensland","ror":"https://ror.org/04sjbnx57","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoye Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-9193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Surveying and Built Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185523456"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165580012","https://openalex.org/I185523456"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":7.1744,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97873148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"416","last_page":"416"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-cover","display_name":"Land cover","score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/earth-observation","display_name":"Earth observation","score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-use","display_name":"Land use","score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.35409998893737793}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.7402999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5985999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.5679000020027161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5543000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5458999872207642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39399123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1348989","display_name":"Earth observation","level":3,"score":0.5006999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.42080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.37470000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3684999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.35409998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21442007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027879","display_name":"Graphics","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.31450000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.29409998655319214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184603391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60738778","display_name":"Land-use planning","level":3,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.2556999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/11/416/pdf?version=1761294006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3ee905a11c6149e1b633475a8b9be1ae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3ee905a11c6149e1b633475a8b9be1ae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 416 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14110416","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14110416","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/11/416/pdf?version=1761294006","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415502904.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4415502904.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2401246392","https://openalex.org/W2490264735","https://openalex.org/W2594803750","https://openalex.org/W2725897987","https://openalex.org/W2772365113","https://openalex.org/W2792022338","https://openalex.org/W2793327769","https://openalex.org/W2802954847","https://openalex.org/W2890225206","https://openalex.org/W2891371886","https://openalex.org/W2921701549","https://openalex.org/W2970683912","https://openalex.org/W2976120863","https://openalex.org/W3023058341","https://openalex.org/W3034880358","https://openalex.org/W3045585619","https://openalex.org/W3047472942","https://openalex.org/W3082766779","https://openalex.org/W3083097533","https://openalex.org/W3094171127","https://openalex.org/W3094230635","https://openalex.org/W3112377120","https://openalex.org/W3115462085","https://openalex.org/W3147841105","https://openalex.org/W3148250832","https://openalex.org/W3184629543","https://openalex.org/W3203391155","https://openalex.org/W3208006390","https://openalex.org/W3215671155","https://openalex.org/W3217271645","https://openalex.org/W4200029630","https://openalex.org/W4200221593","https://openalex.org/W4205286617","https://openalex.org/W4206241977","https://openalex.org/W4213445805","https://openalex.org/W4281619551","https://openalex.org/W4281933899","https://openalex.org/W4285011117","https://openalex.org/W4292977286","https://openalex.org/W4318340516","https://openalex.org/W4322715884","https://openalex.org/W4367833951","https://openalex.org/W4382283224","https://openalex.org/W4383221395","https://openalex.org/W4385172496","https://openalex.org/W4385840459","https://openalex.org/W4386968926","https://openalex.org/W4387331799","https://openalex.org/W4387911460","https://openalex.org/W4388908694","https://openalex.org/W4389912417","https://openalex.org/W4392452483","https://openalex.org/W4399361816","https://openalex.org/W4400126763","https://openalex.org/W4400229360","https://openalex.org/W4401132208","https://openalex.org/W4401591307","https://openalex.org/W4402375202","https://openalex.org/W4402899592","https://openalex.org/W4403874793","https://openalex.org/W4405775071","https://openalex.org/W4406801920","https://openalex.org/W4407156315","https://openalex.org/W4407291944","https://openalex.org/W4407798114"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Google":[0],"Earth":[1],"Engine":[2],"(GEE)":[3],"has":[4],"become":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,37,57,155],"the":[8,55,83],"most":[9,84],"widely":[10],"used":[11],"platforms":[12],"for":[13,113,162],"Land":[14,17],"Use":[15],"and":[16,27,39,50,68,73,77,93,118,130,146,158,165],"Cover":[18],"(LULC)":[19],"research,":[20],"offering":[21],"cloud-based":[22],"access":[23],"to":[24,53],"petabyte-scale":[25],"datasets":[26,72],"scalable":[28,164],"analytical":[29],"tools.":[30],"While":[31],"earlier":[32],"reviews":[33],"provided":[34],"valuable":[35],"overviews":[36],"data":[38],"applications,":[40],"this":[41,149],"study":[42],"synthesizes":[43],"72":[44],"selected":[45],"articles":[46],"published":[47],"between":[48],"2016":[49],"February":[51],"2025":[52],"examine":[54],"evolution":[56],"GEE\u2013LULC":[58,156],"research.":[59],"Results":[60],"show":[61],"exponential":[62],"growth":[63],"in":[64,91,98],"publications,":[65],"with":[66,136],"Landsat":[67],"Sentinel":[69],"imagery":[70],"dominating":[71],"Random":[74],"Forest":[75],"(RF)":[76],"Support":[78],"Vector":[79],"Machine":[80],"(SVM)":[81],"remaining":[82],"common":[85],"classifiers.":[86],"Geographically,":[87],"output":[88],"is":[89],"concentrated":[90],"China":[92],"India,":[94],"reflecting":[95],"regional":[96],"leadership":[97],"GEE":[99,104,134],"adoption.":[100],"Despite":[101],"its":[102],"strengths,":[103],"faces":[105],"persistent":[106],"challenges,":[107],"including":[108],"memory":[109],"limits,":[110],"restricted":[111],"support":[112],"advanced":[114],"Deep":[115],"Learning":[116],"(DL),":[117],"reliance":[119],"on":[120],"labeled":[121],"data.":[122],"Promising":[123],"directions":[124],"include":[125],"integrating":[126],"few-shot":[127],"semantic":[128],"segmentation":[129],"hybrid":[131],"workflows":[132],"combining":[133],"scalability":[135],"local":[137],"Graphics":[138],"Processing":[139],"Unit":[140],"(GPU)":[141],"computing.":[142],"By":[143],"bridging":[144],"platform-focused":[145],"application-focused":[147],"studies,":[148],"review":[150],"provides":[151],"a":[152],"comprehensive":[153],"synthesis":[154],"research":[157],"outlines":[159],"actionable":[160],"pathways":[161],"advancing":[163],"Artificial":[166],"Intelligence":[167],"(AI)-enabled":[168],"geospatial":[169],"analysis.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-24T00:00:00"}