{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413532020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090327","title":"Digital Relations in Z1: Discretized Time and Rasterized Lines","display_name":"Digital Relations in Z1: Discretized Time and Rasterized Lines","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413532020","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14090327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/9/327/pdf?version=1756110859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/9/327/pdf?version=1756110859","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004866624","display_name":"Matthew P. Dube","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-9982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91492222","display_name":"University of Maine at Augusta","ror":"https://ror.org/041gqhg24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802397601","https://openalex.org/I91492222"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthew P. Dube","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Information Systems, University of Maine at Augusta, Augusta, ME 04330, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7104-9982","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Information Systems, University of Maine at Augusta, Augusta, ME 04330, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91492222"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004866624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91492222"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.2092218,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"9","first_page":"327","last_page":"327"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12720","display_name":"Multimedia Communication and Technology","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9653000235557556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3882496654987335}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3882496654987335}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14090327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/9/327/pdf?version=1756110859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:eca3a3c227b548ec97835b06461638a9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/eca3a3c227b548ec97835b06461638a9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 9, p 327 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14090327","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14090327","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/9/327/pdf?version=1756110859","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6786519795","display_name":"RII Track-2 FEC: Harnessing Spatiotemporal Data Science to Predict Responses of Biodiversity and Rural Communities under Climate Change","funder_award_id":"2019470","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413532020.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413532020.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115684691","https://openalex.org/W640760414","https://openalex.org/W1517114161","https://openalex.org/W1519279188","https://openalex.org/W1533240157","https://openalex.org/W1572406658","https://openalex.org/W1992913819","https://openalex.org/W2009430518","https://openalex.org/W2016125828","https://openalex.org/W2038647915","https://openalex.org/W2047927510","https://openalex.org/W2049144249","https://openalex.org/W2094641354","https://openalex.org/W2122136744","https://openalex.org/W2133039566","https://openalex.org/W2152068180","https://openalex.org/W2161484642","https://openalex.org/W2164189990","https://openalex.org/W2295564087","https://openalex.org/W2315372439","https://openalex.org/W2479517116","https://openalex.org/W2490071427","https://openalex.org/W2503367133","https://openalex.org/W2789883065","https://openalex.org/W2948399393","https://openalex.org/W2980751927","https://openalex.org/W2981907624","https://openalex.org/W4230713409","https://openalex.org/W4237291927","https://openalex.org/W4298866813","https://openalex.org/W4301076157","https://openalex.org/W4301459195","https://openalex.org/W4302890137","https://openalex.org/W4382865262","https://openalex.org/W4409003424","https://openalex.org/W4413440210"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,94],"voluminous":[2],"literature":[3],"concerning":[4],"the":[5,28,31,53,118,132,162,171,204,206,251,256,261],"scope":[6],"of":[7,30,41,55,98,144,242,255,258],"topological":[8,129,215],"relations":[9,35,44,57,120,184,192,199],"that":[10,50,58,121,145],"span":[11],"various":[12],"embedding":[13,75],"spaces":[14],"from":[15,49],"R1":[16],"to":[17,108],"R2,":[18],"Z2":[19],",":[20,24,62,187,195,202],"S1":[21],"and":[22,25,45,89,153,196,229],"S2":[23],"T2.":[26],"In":[27],"case":[29],"*1":[32],"spaces,":[33],"those":[34],"have":[36],"been":[37],"considered":[38],"as":[39,74,109,126,137,139],"conceptualizations":[40],"both":[42],"spatial":[43,100,103,210,243,262],"temporal":[46,142,198],"relations.":[47,216],"Missing":[48],"list":[51],"are":[52,248],"set":[54],"digital":[56,119,133,157],"exist":[59,122],"within":[60,226,260],"Z1":[61,124,186,194,201,259],"representing":[63,253],"discretized":[64,66,71,167],"time,":[65],"ordered":[67],"line":[68],"segments,":[69],"or":[70,112],"linear":[72],"features":[73],"spaces.":[76],"Discretized":[77],"time":[78,93],"plays":[79],"an":[80],"essential":[81],"role":[82],"in":[83,96,123,149,185,193,200,250],"timeseries":[84],"data,":[85],"spatio-temporal":[86,113,150,223,227],"information":[87,151,211],"systems,":[88],"geo-foundation":[90,154],"models":[91],"where":[92],"represented":[95],"layers":[97],"consecutive":[99],"rasters":[101],"and/or":[102],"vector":[104],"objects":[105],"colloquially":[106],"referred":[107],"space\u2013time":[110],"cubes":[111],"stacks.":[114],"This":[115,217],"paper":[116],"explores":[117],"interpreted":[125],"a":[127,140,175,230],"regular":[128],"space":[130,146],"under":[131],"Jordan":[134,158],"curve":[135,159],"model":[136,160],"well":[138],"folded-over":[141],"interpretation":[143],"for":[147,174,209,213,221,239],"use":[148,246],"systems":[152,212],"models.":[155],"The":[156],"represents":[161],"maximum":[163],"expressive":[164],"power":[165],"between":[166],"objects,":[168],"making":[169],"it":[170],"ideal":[172],"paradigm":[173],"decision":[176],"support":[177],"system":[178],"model.":[179],"It":[180],"identifies":[181],"34":[182],"9-intersection":[183,189],"42":[188],"+":[190],"margin":[191],"74":[197],"utilizing":[203],"9+-intersection,":[205],"commercial":[207],"standard":[208],"querying":[214],"work":[218],"creates":[219],"opportunities":[220],"better":[222],"reasoning":[224],"capacity":[225],"stacks":[228],"more":[231],"direct":[232],"interface":[233],"with":[234],"intuitive":[235],"language":[236],"concepts,":[237],"instrumental":[238],"effective":[240],"utilization":[241],"tools.":[244],"Three":[245],"cases":[247],"demonstrated":[249],"discussion,":[252],"each":[254],"utilities":[257],"data":[263],"science":[264],"community.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}