{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412476172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14070276","title":"Local\u2013Linear Two-Stage Estimation of Local Autoregressive Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model","display_name":"Local\u2013Linear Two-Stage Estimation of Local Autoregressive Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression Model","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412476172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14070276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14070276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14070276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/7/276/pdf?version=1752666747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/7/276/pdf?version=1752666747","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101637433","display_name":"Dan Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2379-1007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55654194","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05564e019","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55654194"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55654194"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101823045","display_name":"Zhimin Hong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55654194","display_name":"Inner Mongolia University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05564e019","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55654194"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhimin Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8189-527X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010051, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55654194"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101823045"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55654194"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":3.1604,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92212041,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"7","first_page":"276","last_page":"276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10438","display_name":"Energy, Environment, Economic Growth","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.6373457908630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smoothing","display_name":"Smoothing","score":0.6333236694335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5947117209434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.5801267623901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression","display_name":"Regression","score":0.5220472812652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonparametric-regression","display_name":"Nonparametric regression","score":0.4711631238460541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.451822966337204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.44683343172073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonparametric-statistics","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","score":0.439778596162796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.4217492938041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regression-analysis","display_name":"Regression analysis","score":0.4144699275493622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.35239720344543457}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.6373457908630371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3770464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775963","display_name":"Smoothing","level":2,"score":0.6333236694335938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5947117209434509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5801267623901367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83546350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139051","display_name":"Regression","level":2,"score":0.5220472812652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74127309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455886","display_name":"Nonparametric regression","level":3,"score":0.4711631238460541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.451822966337204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.44683343172073364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102366305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097688","display_name":"Nonparametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.439778596162796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4217492938041687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.4144699275493622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.35239720344543457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14070276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14070276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/7/276/pdf?version=1752666747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cb11e27908e84995a321e95a9145a57e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cb11e27908e84995a321e95a9145a57e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 7, p 276 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14070276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14070276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/7/276/pdf?version=1752666747","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6227097289","display_name":"\u624b\u8db3\u53e3\u75c5\u6d41\u884c\u65f6\u7a7a\u9884\u6d4b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"81860605","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4412476172.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1829241487","https://openalex.org/W1971794754","https://openalex.org/W1979683229","https://openalex.org/W2008677017","https://openalex.org/W2041868040","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2067508524","https://openalex.org/W2075585461","https://openalex.org/W2144857771","https://openalex.org/W2155594596","https://openalex.org/W2605661896","https://openalex.org/W2623406985","https://openalex.org/W2771584858","https://openalex.org/W2792803029","https://openalex.org/W2973540103","https://openalex.org/W3129477067","https://openalex.org/W3152900914","https://openalex.org/W3216005224","https://openalex.org/W4235667863","https://openalex.org/W4280622457","https://openalex.org/W4315645441","https://openalex.org/W4319983567","https://openalex.org/W4378978725","https://openalex.org/W4398246982","https://openalex.org/W4402943417","https://openalex.org/W4405282652"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1541412963","https://openalex.org/W2184572292","https://openalex.org/W1509119367","https://openalex.org/W4321367829","https://openalex.org/W2041704562","https://openalex.org/W4309301076","https://openalex.org/W2288767749","https://openalex.org/W4313160815","https://openalex.org/W2181913714","https://openalex.org/W4236247486"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,134],"geographically":[1,43,136],"and":[2,17,44,58,93,111,137,154,159],"temporally":[3,45,138],"weighted":[4,46,67,79,139],"regression":[5,47,63,91],"(GTWR)":[6],"model":[7,49],"is":[8,83,143],"an":[9,22],"effective":[10],"tool":[11],"for":[12,89],"dealing":[13],"with":[14],"spatial":[15,153],"heterogeneity":[16,61],"temporal":[18,155],"non-stationarity":[19],"simultaneously.":[20],"As":[21],"important":[23],"characteristic":[24],"of":[25,62,124,128,157,180,191],"spatiotemporal":[26,28,53,60,107],"data,":[27],"autocorrelation":[29],"should":[30],"be":[31,131],"considered":[32],"when":[33],"constructing":[34],"spatiotemporally":[35,101],"varying":[36,102],"coefficient":[37,103],"models.":[38],"The":[39,65,165],"proposed":[40,144],"local":[41],"autoregressive":[42],"(GTWRLAR)":[48],"can":[50,72],"simultaneously":[51,160],"handle":[52],"autocorrelations":[54],"among":[55],"response":[56],"variables":[57],"the":[59,78,105,121,125,147,152,170,174,185,204],"relationships.":[64],"two-stage":[66],"least":[68,80],"squares":[69,81],"(2SLS)":[70],"estimation":[71,82,127,142,163],"effectively":[73],"reduce":[74],"computational":[75],"complexity.":[76],"However,":[77],"essentially":[84],"a":[85,97],"Nadaraya\u2013Watson":[86],"kernel-smoothing":[87],"approach":[88],"nonparametric":[90],"models,":[92,104],"it":[94],"suffers":[95],"from":[96,207],"boundary":[98,122,148],"effect.":[99],"For":[100],"three-dimensional":[106],"coefficients":[108],"(longitude,":[109],"latitude,":[110],"time)":[112],"inherently":[113],"exhibit":[114],"larger":[115],"boundaries":[116],"than":[117],"one-dimensional":[118],"intervals.":[119],"Therefore,":[120],"effect":[123,149],"2SLS":[126,140],"GTWRLAR":[129,158,187],"will":[130],"more":[132],"serious.":[133],"local\u2013linear":[135],"(GTWRLAR-L)":[141],"to":[145,184,209],"correct":[146],"in":[150,194],"both":[151],"dimensions":[156],"improve":[161],"parameter":[162,181],"accuracy.":[164],"simulation":[166],"experiment":[167],"shows":[168],"that":[169,201],"GTWRLAR-L":[171,202],"method":[172],"reduces":[173],"root":[175],"mean":[176],"square":[177],"error":[178],"(RMSE)":[179],"estimates":[182],"compared":[183],"standard":[186],"approach.":[188],"Empirical":[189],"analyses":[190],"carbon":[192],"emissions":[193],"China\u2019s":[195],"Yellow":[196],"River":[197],"Basin":[198],"(2017\u20132021)":[199],"show":[200],"enhances":[203],"adjusted":[205],"R2":[206],"0.888":[208],"0.893.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}