{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410439265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050204","title":"A Natural Language-Based Automatic Identification System Trajectory Query Approach Using Large Language Models","display_name":"A Natural Language-Based Automatic Identification System Trajectory Query Approach Using Large Language Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410439265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14050204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050204","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/5/204/pdf?version=1747401372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/5/204/pdf?version=1747401372","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082317601","display_name":"Xuan Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-4168"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","State Key Laboratory of Spatial Datum, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","The Key Laboratory of Smart Earth, Beijing 100094, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6678-4168","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Spatial Datum, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Key Laboratory of Smart Earth, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101192939","display_name":"Shutong Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shutong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091871422","display_name":"Jinxue Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7483-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxue Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101568772","display_name":"Hui Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-8412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanyu Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Artificial Intelligence, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaohui Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohui Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data and Target Engineering, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data and Target Engineering, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090845635","display_name":"Junnan Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-5342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091712","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00b3j7936","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091712"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junnan Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","State Key Laboratory of Spatial Datum, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3211-5342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Earth Science and Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091712"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Spatial Datum, Xi\u2019an 710054, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5090845635"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091712"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.642,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64773157,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"5","first_page":"204","last_page":"204"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7596337795257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.6651191711425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6042965054512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.5400207042694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-identification","display_name":"Language identification","score":0.5132443904876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-control-language","display_name":"Data control language","score":0.4831473231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rdf-query-language","display_name":"RDF query language","score":0.47001197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.42382198572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.421149343252182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-by-example","display_name":"Query by Example","score":0.3210514187812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.1804257035255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.16702023148536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-query-classification","display_name":"Web query classification","score":0.10507485270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.061782002449035645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7596337795257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.6651191711425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6042965054512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.5400207042694092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129792486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1050419","display_name":"Language identification","level":3,"score":0.5132443904876709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32977378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q604737","display_name":"Data control language","level":5,"score":0.4831473231315613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96956885","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6138701","display_name":"RDF query language","level":5,"score":0.47001197934150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.42382198572158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.421149343252182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194222762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114486","display_name":"Query by Example","level":4,"score":0.3210514187812805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.1804257035255432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.16702023148536682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118689300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978614","display_name":"Web query classification","level":4,"score":0.10507485270500183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.061782002449035645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14050204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050204","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/5/204/pdf?version=1747401372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:96822a82c5d6403e80ee80ef681da44a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/96822a82c5d6403e80ee80ef681da44a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 204 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14050204","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14050204","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/5/204/pdf?version=1747401372","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1092360473","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42371438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5801366061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"-M-4-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6899987601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"252300421799","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7344389702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGIE2023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7796039369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SKLGIE2023-M-4-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8169485456","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42301526","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323845","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326985","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Geo-Information Engineering","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410439265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410439265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1489525520","https://openalex.org/W2791985695","https://openalex.org/W2801548591","https://openalex.org/W2916772188","https://openalex.org/W2943420531","https://openalex.org/W2955329215","https://openalex.org/W2964482263","https://openalex.org/W2969392396","https://openalex.org/W3004091940","https://openalex.org/W3008754679","https://openalex.org/W3021016503","https://openalex.org/W3034784236","https://openalex.org/W3042542819","https://openalex.org/W3045820751","https://openalex.org/W3047318530","https://openalex.org/W3094841519","https://openalex.org/W3109971682","https://openalex.org/W3160365504","https://openalex.org/W3167264504","https://openalex.org/W3174926710","https://openalex.org/W3201994930","https://openalex.org/W4200288254","https://openalex.org/W4213009331","https://openalex.org/W4281387166","https://openalex.org/W4281489270","https://openalex.org/W4286203422","https://openalex.org/W4287795696","https://openalex.org/W4296270293","https://openalex.org/W4296625824","https://openalex.org/W4300961942","https://openalex.org/W4362616143","https://openalex.org/W4364367232","https://openalex.org/W4378602979","https://openalex.org/W4380372191","https://openalex.org/W4384203100","https://openalex.org/W4387847663","https://openalex.org/W4389520758","https://openalex.org/W4389888290","https://openalex.org/W4390705060","https://openalex.org/W4390949299","https://openalex.org/W4391044923","https://openalex.org/W4391100080","https://openalex.org/W4391574488","https://openalex.org/W4393065402","https://openalex.org/W4393299638","https://openalex.org/W4393363427","https://openalex.org/W4394994587","https://openalex.org/W4396722682","https://openalex.org/W4396736493","https://openalex.org/W4399810343","https://openalex.org/W4399932850","https://openalex.org/W4402598947","https://openalex.org/W6767413762","https://openalex.org/W6795783528","https://openalex.org/W6802175597","https://openalex.org/W6842824381","https://openalex.org/W6859345038"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548279772","https://openalex.org/W2400419823","https://openalex.org/W3036348878","https://openalex.org/W1585732288","https://openalex.org/W1489445454","https://openalex.org/W4240833292","https://openalex.org/W4250894256","https://openalex.org/W2176771627","https://openalex.org/W2401646948","https://openalex.org/W120710326"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,159],"trajectory":[1,60,68,90,95],"data":[2],"collected":[3],"by":[4,82,99,122,139],"an":[5,11,145,178],"Automatic":[6],"Identification":[7],"System":[8],"(AIS)":[9],"are":[10,23],"essential":[12],"resource":[13],"for":[14,25,184],"various":[15],"ships,":[16],"and":[17,20,41,47,88,105,119,172,181,187],"effective":[18],"filtering":[19],"querying":[21,96],"approaches":[22],"fundamental":[24],"managing":[26],"these":[27],"data.":[28],"Natural":[29],"language":[30,65,174],"has":[31],"become":[32],"the":[33,74,93,115,134,150,167],"preferred":[34],"way":[35],"to":[36,44,72,113,148],"express":[37],"complex":[38],"query":[39,61,175],"requirements":[40],"intents,":[42,176],"due":[43],"its":[45],"intuitiveness":[46],"universal":[48],"applicability.":[49],"In":[50],"light":[51],"of":[52,77,153],"this,":[53],"we":[54,143],"propose":[55],"a":[56,130],"natural":[57,173],"language-based":[58],"AIS":[59,84,103,170],"approach":[62,164],"using":[63],"large":[64],"models.":[66],"Firstly,":[67],"textualization":[69],"was":[70,97],"designed":[71],"convert":[73],"time":[75],"sequences":[76],"trajectories":[78,171],"into":[79],"semantic":[80,94],"descriptions":[81],"segmenting":[83],"trajectories,":[85,104],"extracting":[86],"semantics,":[87],"constructing":[89],"documents.":[91],"Then,":[92],"completed":[98],"rewriting":[100],"queries,":[101],"retrieving":[102],"generating":[106],"answers.":[107],"Finally,":[108],"comparative":[109],"experiments":[110],"were":[111],"conducted":[112,144],"highlight":[114],"improvements":[116],"in":[117],"accuracy":[118],"relevance":[120],"achieved":[121],"our":[123,140,157,163],"proposed":[124],"method":[125],"over":[126],"traditional":[127],"approaches.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"human":[131],"study":[132,147],"demonstrated":[133],"user-friendly":[135],"interaction":[136],"experience":[137],"enabled":[138],"approach.":[141],"Additionally,":[142],"ablation":[146],"illustrate":[149],"significant":[151],"contributions":[152],"each":[154],"module":[155],"within":[156],"framework.":[158],"results":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"that":[162],"effectively":[165],"bridges":[166],"gap":[168],"between":[169],"offering":[177],"intuitive,":[179],"user-friendly,":[180],"accessible":[182],"solution":[183],"domain":[185],"experts":[186],"novices.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}