{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406323684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010027","title":"Construction of 3D Indoor Topological Models Based on Improved Face Sorting","display_name":"Construction of 3D Indoor Topological Models Based on Improved Face Sorting","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406323684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010027"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/27/pdf?version=1736783779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/27/pdf?version=1736783779","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088806191","display_name":"Qun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6880-0560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141103825","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/00avfj807","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119674","display_name":"East China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/027385r44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory for Digital Land and Resources of Jiangxi Province, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100530983","display_name":"Xinwu Zhan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141103825","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/00avfj807","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwu Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074348706","display_name":"Pu Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-9544"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141103825","display_name":"Jiangxi University of Water Resources and Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/00avfj807","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pu Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang 330099, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141103825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088806191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141103825","https://openalex.org/I4210119674"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.5119,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57054502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"27","last_page":"27"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9850999712944031,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6427233219146729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacency-list","display_name":"Adjacency list","score":0.6354411840438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citygml","display_name":"CityGML","score":0.6295788884162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.6183304190635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5316515564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sorting","display_name":"Sorting","score":0.48990148305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-map","display_name":"Topological map","score":0.48008090257644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sort","display_name":"sort","score":0.4740145802497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topological-space","display_name":"Topological space","score":0.45256829261779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4262126684188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.28918349742889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.24485817551612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.22657117247581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17798882722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.14044326543807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.13084477186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.10716497898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.08392488956451416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6427233219146729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.6354411840438843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093900","display_name":"CityGML","level":3,"score":0.6295788884162903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.6183304190635681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5316515564918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.48990148305892944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199538142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q573980","display_name":"Topological map","level":4,"score":0.48008090257644653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.4740145802497864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81332173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179899","display_name":"Topological space","level":2,"score":0.45256829261779785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4262126684188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28918349742889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.24485817551612854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.22657117247581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17798882722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.14044326543807983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13084477186203003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.10716497898101807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.08392488956451416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/27/pdf?version=1736783779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ca0d07f09eb641f8a6fb8374cd6fbb5f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ca0d07f09eb641f8a6fb8374cd6fbb5f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 27 (2025)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010027","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/27/pdf?version=1736783779","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406323684.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978706250","https://openalex.org/W1995870343","https://openalex.org/W1995966996","https://openalex.org/W2011598290","https://openalex.org/W2027103314","https://openalex.org/W2035184119","https://openalex.org/W2045819098","https://openalex.org/W2061890311","https://openalex.org/W2086879714","https://openalex.org/W2136337903","https://openalex.org/W2165601596","https://openalex.org/W2177815488","https://openalex.org/W2340240613","https://openalex.org/W2350707518","https://openalex.org/W2481199865","https://openalex.org/W2496000360","https://openalex.org/W2497187105","https://openalex.org/W2502578250","https://openalex.org/W2528703352","https://openalex.org/W2579836556","https://openalex.org/W2592068723","https://openalex.org/W2745120507","https://openalex.org/W2909300032","https://openalex.org/W2949921700","https://openalex.org/W3007908608","https://openalex.org/W3088895585","https://openalex.org/W3106390235","https://openalex.org/W3110099077","https://openalex.org/W3155115777","https://openalex.org/W3201270834","https://openalex.org/W4307986533","https://openalex.org/W4319721350","https://openalex.org/W4394630032","https://openalex.org/W4399762628","https://openalex.org/W6774208079","https://openalex.org/W6864873572","https://openalex.org/W6980990134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3091198297","https://openalex.org/W1983691250","https://openalex.org/W3083303282","https://openalex.org/W2725759460","https://openalex.org/W2890311788","https://openalex.org/W2770972094","https://openalex.org/W2810695915","https://openalex.org/W2388034810","https://openalex.org/W2889610861","https://openalex.org/W3017155020"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Indoor":[0],"location-based":[1],"services":[2],"and":[3,14,31,70,98,143,184],"applications":[4],"need":[5],"to":[6,45,66,100,116,174],"obtain":[7],"information":[8,33],"about":[9],"the":[10,28,37,49,102,111,137,144,158,166,176,186],"indoor":[11,18,29,55,73,86,106,130,194],"spatial":[12],"layouts":[13],"topological":[15,50,82,91,103,127,138,145,191],"relationships":[16,52,104,128,147,192],"of":[17,34,53,105,141,148,169,188],"spaces.":[19,107,195],"The":[20,151],"3D":[21,81,120,126,190],"city":[22],"modeling":[23],"data":[24,83],"standard":[25],"CityGML":[26],"describes":[27],"geometric":[30],"semantic":[32],"buildings,":[35],"but":[36],"surfaces":[38],"composing":[39],"a":[40,80,122],"volume":[41,142],"are":[42,171],"discrete,":[43],"leading":[44],"invalid":[46],"volumes.":[47,150],"Moreover,":[48],"adjacency":[51,146],"adjacent":[54,149],"spaces":[56,87,131],"have":[57],"not":[58],"yet":[59],"been":[60],"described,":[61],"which":[62,134,179],"makes":[63],"it":[64],"difficult":[65],"realize":[67],"effective":[68],"queries":[69],"analyses":[71],"for":[72,85,124,129,193],"applications.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76,164],"paper,":[77],"we":[78],"present":[79],"model":[84],"that":[88,155],"adopts":[89],"five":[90],"primitives,":[92],"namely,":[93],"node,":[94],"edge,":[95],"loop,":[96],"face,":[97],"solid,":[99],"describe":[101],"Then,":[108],"by":[109,156],"improving":[110],"existing":[112],"face-sorting":[113,160],"method":[114,123,161],"according":[115],"vector":[117],"products":[118],"in":[119,163],"space,":[121],"constructing":[125,189],"is":[132],"proposed,":[133],"successively":[135],"constructs":[136],"hierarchical":[139],"combination":[140],"experimental":[152],"results":[153],"show":[154],"using":[157],"improved":[159],"proposed":[162],"work,":[165],"relative":[167],"positions":[168],"faces":[170,177],"directly":[172],"determined":[173],"sort":[175],"set,":[178],"avoids":[180],"relatively":[181],"cumbersome":[182],"calculations":[183],"improves":[185],"efficiency":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}