{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405939224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010006","title":"Extracting Regular Building Footprints Using Projection Histogram Method from UAV-Based 3D Models","display_name":"Extracting Regular Building Footprints Using Projection Histogram Method from UAV-Based 3D Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405939224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/6/pdf?version=1735372553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/6/pdf?version=1735372553","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101680698","display_name":"Yaoyao Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8273-6895"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaoyao Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100358708","display_name":"Xing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3793-1581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3793-1581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081462887","display_name":"Fuzi Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3401-8511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangyuqing Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100427221","display_name":"Chunmei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8227-9719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunmei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100431652","display_name":"Wei Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-5815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042696867","display_name":"Erzhu Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-618X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erzhu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5881-618X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101612318","display_name":"Lianpeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9765-9730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118574674","display_name":"Jiangsu Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/051hvcm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianpeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, Geomatics and Planning, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100358708"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118574674"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.5597,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6462536,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"6","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.6247624754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5965444445610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.5900487899780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5574018359184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5496167540550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.4796062707901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-matching","display_name":"Histogram matching","score":0.4382024109363556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3637382984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17614370584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13550329208374023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.6247624754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5965444445610046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.5900487899780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5574018359184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5496167540550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.4796062707901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127449775","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3785871","display_name":"Histogram matching","level":4,"score":0.4382024109363556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3637382984161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17614370584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13550329208374023}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/6/pdf?version=1735372553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a51c99dfd600410eb298053ff8e3a447","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a51c99dfd600410eb298053ff8e3a447","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 6 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi14010006","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14010006","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/14/1/6/pdf?version=1735372553","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6399999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1245004610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KYCX22_2850","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4872332189","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42271465","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6064027023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42471457","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321605","display_name":"Government of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/004svx814"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405939224.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405939224.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987526435","https://openalex.org/W1996086983","https://openalex.org/W2010980358","https://openalex.org/W2021278996","https://openalex.org/W2094682449","https://openalex.org/W2106706098","https://openalex.org/W2135619651","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2286350632","https://openalex.org/W2300635092","https://openalex.org/W2685970220","https://openalex.org/W2789264883","https://openalex.org/W2800306924","https://openalex.org/W2899355278","https://openalex.org/W2929921519","https://openalex.org/W2999454998","https://openalex.org/W3012529845","https://openalex.org/W3029636260","https://openalex.org/W3081148557","https://openalex.org/W3130523820","https://openalex.org/W3217745064","https://openalex.org/W4213172700","https://openalex.org/W4226289601","https://openalex.org/W4289932046","https://openalex.org/W4296123585","https://openalex.org/W4310553620","https://openalex.org/W4318825795","https://openalex.org/W4362449408","https://openalex.org/W4367721800","https://openalex.org/W4381232908","https://openalex.org/W4384501790","https://openalex.org/W6647155968","https://openalex.org/W6674282598","https://openalex.org/W6808691509","https://openalex.org/W6811007671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794704245","https://openalex.org/W2247097764","https://openalex.org/W2066185872","https://openalex.org/W1998334300","https://openalex.org/W2110241600","https://openalex.org/W2375849557","https://openalex.org/W2109325523","https://openalex.org/W2146297113","https://openalex.org/W2324508068","https://openalex.org/W2141966243"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Extracting":[0],"building":[1,49,151,199,216],"outlines":[2],"from":[3,10,59,123,158,201,218],"3D":[4,60,202,220],"models":[5],"poses":[6],"significant":[7,209],"challenges":[8],"stemming":[9],"the":[11,17,78,82,107,110,121,127,131,135,138,163,213],"intricate":[12,79],"diversity":[13],"of":[14,19,81,109,134,166,176,184,215],"structures":[15],"and":[16,29,55,89,96,146,160,178,181,186,195,230],"complexity":[18],"urban":[20,226],"scenes.":[21],"Current":[22],"techniques":[23],"heavily":[24],"rely":[25],"on":[26,156],"human":[27],"expertise":[28],"involve":[30],"repetitive,":[31],"labor-intensive":[32],"manual":[33],"operations.":[34],"To":[35],"address":[36],"these":[37,142],"limitations,":[38],"this":[39],"paper":[40],"presents":[41],"an":[42],"innovative":[43],"automatic":[44],"technique":[45],"for":[46,92],"accurately":[47],"extracting":[48],"footprints,":[50],"particularly":[51],"those":[52],"with":[53,222],"gable":[54],"hip":[56],"roofs,":[57],"directly":[58],"data.":[61,204],"Our":[62],"methodology":[63],"encompasses":[64],"several":[65],"key":[66],"steps:":[67],"firstly,":[68],"we":[69,85,125],"construct":[70],"a":[71,98,208],"triangulated":[72],"irregular":[73],"network":[74],"(TIN)":[75],"to":[76,104,119,148,191],"capture":[77],"geometry":[80],"buildings.":[83,136],"Subsequently,":[84],"employ":[86],"2D":[87],"indexing":[88],"counting":[90],"grids":[91],"efficient":[93],"data":[94],"processing":[95],"utilize":[97],"sophisticated":[99],"connected":[100],"component":[101],"labeling":[102],"algorithm":[103],"precisely":[105],"identify":[106],"extents":[108],"roofs.":[111],"A":[112],"single":[113],"seed":[114],"point":[115],"is":[116],"manually":[117],"specified":[118],"initiate":[120],"process,":[122],"which":[124],"select":[126],"triangular":[128],"facets":[129,143],"representing":[130],"outer":[132],"walls":[133],"Utilizing":[137],"projection":[139],"histogram":[140],"method,":[141],"are":[144],"grouped":[145],"processed":[147],"extract":[149],"regular":[150],"footprints.":[152],"Extensive":[153],"experiments":[154],"conducted":[155],"datasets":[157],"Nanjing":[159],"Wuhan":[161],"demonstrate":[162],"remarkable":[164],"accuracy":[165],"our":[167,188],"approach.":[168],"With":[169],"mean":[170],"intersection":[171],"over":[172],"union":[173],"(mIOU)":[174],"values":[175],"99.2%":[177],"99.4%,":[179],"respectively,":[180],"F1":[182],"scores":[183],"94.3%":[185],"96.7%,":[187],"method":[189],"proves":[190],"be":[192],"both":[193],"effective":[194],"robust":[196],"in":[197,211,225],"mapping":[198],"footprints":[200,217],"real-scene":[203],"This":[205],"work":[206],"represents":[207],"advancement":[210],"automating":[212],"extraction":[214],"complex":[219],"scenes,":[221],"potential":[223],"applications":[224],"planning,":[227],"disaster":[228],"response,":[229],"environmental":[231],"monitoring.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
