{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404141413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398","title":"An Improved Generative Adversarial Network for Generating Multi-Scale Electronic Map Tiles Considering Cartographic Requirements","display_name":"An Improved Generative Adversarial Network for Generating Multi-Scale Electronic Map Tiles Considering Cartographic Requirements","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404141413","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13110398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063248853","display_name":"Wei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7190-7476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066782962","display_name":"Guo Qingsheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-1946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingsheng Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5863-1946","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088932717","display_name":"Nai Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-1163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-1163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101753899","display_name":"Ying Tong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6165-0291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ying Tong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101348931","display_name":"Chuanbang Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuanbang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5513-3788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066782962"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.9155,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74434768,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"398","last_page":"398"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.6941739320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.6639052033424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.6638064384460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.6458976864814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5085219144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-map","display_name":"Electronic map","score":0.4359247386455536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.42832356691360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3962878882884979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.2510621249675751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.17785492539405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.09594959020614624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.6941739320755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.6639052033424377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.6638064384460449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.6458976864814758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5085219144821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984360240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4006","display_name":"Electronic map","level":2,"score":0.4359247386455536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.42832356691360474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3962878882884979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2510621249675751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.17785492539405823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.09594959020614624}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13110398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9b06e1ca92f84c148bb853b3382bf127","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9b06e1ca92f84c148bb853b3382bf127","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 398 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13110398","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13110398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1742437506","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41871378","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2234109331","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171438","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988563131","https://openalex.org/W2006973749","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2114770744","https://openalex.org/W2141945705","https://openalex.org/W2601648648","https://openalex.org/W2605287558","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2884585870","https://openalex.org/W2891595475","https://openalex.org/W2944451185","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2991266991","https://openalex.org/W2999531785","https://openalex.org/W3011628670","https://openalex.org/W3014055653","https://openalex.org/W3022960970","https://openalex.org/W3031922867","https://openalex.org/W3048453452","https://openalex.org/W3089097864","https://openalex.org/W3089225446","https://openalex.org/W3100582685","https://openalex.org/W3118617077","https://openalex.org/W3121523901","https://openalex.org/W3137622327","https://openalex.org/W3149464429","https://openalex.org/W3161756727","https://openalex.org/W3180799764","https://openalex.org/W3204781124","https://openalex.org/W3215650402","https://openalex.org/W4200044301","https://openalex.org/W4221021649","https://openalex.org/W4240163576","https://openalex.org/W4281955344","https://openalex.org/W4293291314","https://openalex.org/W4306969732","https://openalex.org/W4309047390","https://openalex.org/W4317496742","https://openalex.org/W4360884927","https://openalex.org/W4363673744","https://openalex.org/W4380488453","https://openalex.org/W4387956858","https://openalex.org/W4388656910","https://openalex.org/W4390913831","https://openalex.org/W6792490711","https://openalex.org/W6804043121"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2888032422","https://openalex.org/W2996316059","https://openalex.org/W4385421777","https://openalex.org/W4377980832","https://openalex.org/W2897769091","https://openalex.org/W2845413374","https://openalex.org/W3005996785","https://openalex.org/W4297411772","https://openalex.org/W4235873501","https://openalex.org/W146685070"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multi-scale":[0],"electronic":[1,36,44,58,112,147],"map":[2,23,37,45,59,73,77,113,120,131,148,152,175,187,239],"tiles":[3,74,114,149],"are":[4,137,177],"important":[5],"basic":[6],"geographic":[7],"information":[8,96,141],"data,":[9],"and":[10,70,83,107,194,215,226,230],"an":[11],"approach":[12],"based":[13],"on":[14,196],"deep":[15],"learning":[16],"is":[17,48],"being":[18],"used":[19,93,178],"to":[20,50,97,134,158,209,256],"generate":[21,72],"multi-scale":[22,43,57,186],"tiles.":[24],"Although":[25],"generative":[26,61],"adversarial":[27,62],"networks":[28],"(GANs)":[29],"have":[30],"demonstrated":[31],"great":[32],"potential":[33],"in":[34,142,156,182,224,228,246],"single-scale":[35],"tile":[38,46,60,188],"generation,":[39],"further":[40],"research":[41],"concerning":[42],"generation":[47],"needed":[49],"meet":[51],"cartographic":[52,102,135],"requirements.":[53],"We":[54],"designed":[55],"a":[56],"network":[63,81],"(MsM-GAN),":[64],"which":[65,122],"consisted":[66],"of":[67,162,222,260],"several":[68,167,251],"GANs":[69],"could":[71],"at":[75,128,150,236],"different":[76],"scales":[78],"sequentially.":[79],"Road":[80],"data":[82,86],"building":[84],"footprint":[85],"from":[87,115,173,192],"OSM":[88],"(Open":[89],"Street":[90],"Map)":[91],"were":[92,199,254],"as":[94,139,179],"auxiliary":[95,140],"provide":[98],"the":[99,129,143,160,163,169,183,202,217,232,258,261],"MsM-GAN":[100,144,218,242],"with":[101],"knowledge":[103],"about":[104],"spatial":[105,108],"shapes":[106],"relationships":[109],"when":[110,145],"generating":[111,146],"remote":[116],"sensing":[117],"images.":[118],"The":[119,204,241],"objects":[121,176],"should":[123],"be":[124],"deleted":[125],"or":[126],"retained":[127],"next":[130],"scale":[132],"according":[133],"standards":[136],"encoded":[138],"smaller":[151],"scales.":[153,240],"In":[154,249],"addition,":[155,250],"order":[157],"ensure":[159],"consistency":[161],"features":[164],"learned":[165],"by":[166],"GANs,":[168],"density":[170],"maps":[171],"constructed":[172],"specific":[174],"global":[180],"conditions":[181],"MsM-GAN.":[184,203],"A":[185],"dataset":[189,198],"was":[190],"collected":[191],"MapWorld,":[193],"experiments":[195,253],"this":[197],"conducted":[200],"using":[201],"results":[205],"showed":[206],"that":[207],"compared":[208],"other":[210],"image-to-image":[211],"translation":[212],"models":[213],"(Pix2Pix":[214],"CycleGAN),":[216],"shows":[219],"average":[220],"increases":[221],"10.47%":[223],"PSNR":[225],"9.92%":[227],"SSIM":[229],"has":[231],"minimum":[233],"MSE":[234],"values":[235],"all":[237],"four":[238],"also":[243],"performs":[244],"better":[245],"visual":[247],"evaluation.":[248],"comparative":[252],"completed":[255],"verify":[257],"effect":[259],"proposed":[262],"improvements.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}