{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402194158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090317","title":"GIS-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process for Identifying Groundwater Potential Zones in Punjab, Pakistan","display_name":"GIS-Based Analytical Hierarchy Process for Identifying Groundwater Potential Zones in Punjab, Pakistan","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402194158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090317"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090317","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/317/pdf?version=1725341020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/317/pdf?version=1725341020","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047163973","display_name":"Maira Naeem","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799809383","display_name":"Pakistan Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq9g543","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maira Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033301981","display_name":"Hafiz Umar Farid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7747-6240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Umar Farid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045961828","display_name":"Muhammad Arbaz Madni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72253084","display_name":"Saitama University","ror":"https://ror.org/02evnh647","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72253084"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Arbaz Madni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Environmental Science and Infrastructure Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Environmental Science and Infrastructure Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72253084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067845236","display_name":"Raffaele Albano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7956-9149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20272500","display_name":"University of Basilicata","ror":"https://ror.org/03tc05689","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raffaele Albano","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077909612","display_name":"Muhammad Azhar Inam","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Azhar Inam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039601798","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4628-4796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799809383","display_name":"Pakistan Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq9g543","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039601798","display_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4628-4796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799809383","display_name":"Pakistan Agricultural Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04eq9g543","country_code":"PK","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shoaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Wing of Punjab Agricultural Department, Agriculture House, Lahore 05467, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799809383"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069155968","display_name":"Tehmena Rashid","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tehmena Rashid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, Multan 60000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037614434","display_name":"Aqsa Dilshad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aqsa Dilshad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101777507","display_name":"Akhlaq Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0147-9984"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I127670440","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Akhlaq Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I127670440"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067845236"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.6451,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89743717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"317","last_page":"317"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12543","display_name":"Groundwater and Watershed Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9728000164031982,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10398","display_name":"Groundwater and Isotope Geochemistry","score":0.9484000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/groundwater","display_name":"Groundwater","score":0.6278600692749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytic-hierarchy-process","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","score":0.6262891292572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-resource-management","display_name":"Water resource management","score":0.5247754454612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.46898871660232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4431033432483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.40559542179107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3992968499660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrology","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","score":0.330561101436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.2626478970050812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.24720856547355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.19365009665489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.16165289282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.07525283098220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.0680910050868988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76177295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161598","display_name":"Groundwater","level":2,"score":0.6278600692749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87345402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485202","display_name":"Analytic hierarchy process","level":2,"score":0.6262891292572021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524765639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501619","display_name":"Water resource management","level":1,"score":0.5247754454612732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.46898871660232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4431033432483673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.40559542179107666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3992968499660492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.330561101436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.2626478970050812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24720856547355652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.19365009665489197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.16165289282798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.07525283098220825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0680910050868988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090317","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/317/pdf?version=1725341020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibas.it:11563/187295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11563/187295","pdf_url":"https://iris.unibas.it/bitstream/11563/187295/1/ijgi-13-00317.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196360","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Basilicata)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20272500","host_organization_name":"University of Basilicata","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20272500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fa1f20cc65e748ddb3b545b3bcc28527","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fa1f20cc65e748ddb3b545b3bcc28527","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 317 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090317","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/317/pdf?version=1725341020","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310020","display_name":"Bahauddin Zakariya University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x817c41"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332183","display_name":"U.S. Geological Survey","ror":"https://ror.org/035a68863"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402194158.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402194158.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508069485","https://openalex.org/W1982546148","https://openalex.org/W2020938238","https://openalex.org/W2042155479","https://openalex.org/W2043561677","https://openalex.org/W2052068340","https://openalex.org/W2084168128","https://openalex.org/W2091146451","https://openalex.org/W2112118699","https://openalex.org/W2145384211","https://openalex.org/W2273282978","https://openalex.org/W2802907146","https://openalex.org/W2885700865","https://openalex.org/W2894591591","https://openalex.org/W2897555055","https://openalex.org/W2914012905","https://openalex.org/W2945344574","https://openalex.org/W2946936180","https://openalex.org/W2948007733","https://openalex.org/W2955377054","https://openalex.org/W2965030991","https://openalex.org/W2983903323","https://openalex.org/W2997936907","https://openalex.org/W3007712371","https://openalex.org/W3011267653","https://openalex.org/W3012263898","https://openalex.org/W3013698173","https://openalex.org/W3043336786","https://openalex.org/W3094823734","https://openalex.org/W3104445932","https://openalex.org/W3115858393","https://openalex.org/W3132084399","https://openalex.org/W3159747647","https://openalex.org/W3160955184","https://openalex.org/W3165566632","https://openalex.org/W3176119264","https://openalex.org/W3197596670","https://openalex.org/W3213724444","https://openalex.org/W4205296957","https://openalex.org/W4206561809","https://openalex.org/W4210680828","https://openalex.org/W4210840473","https://openalex.org/W4214881515","https://openalex.org/W4320895557","https://openalex.org/W4399892958","https://openalex.org/W6785530318","https://openalex.org/W6794985040","https://openalex.org/W6798225013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318028252","https://openalex.org/W4206658728","https://openalex.org/W2385683470","https://openalex.org/W2605508318","https://openalex.org/W3134416257","https://openalex.org/W2322155822","https://openalex.org/W1745582813","https://openalex.org/W2325384277","https://openalex.org/W2357152830","https://openalex.org/W2387473253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,44,93,121,158],"quality":[1],"and":[2,66,85,99,113,116,167,189],"level":[3],"of":[4,11,32,127,134,147,154],"groundwater":[5,19,34,74,137,199],"tables":[6],"have":[7],"rapidly":[8],"declined":[9],"because":[10],"intensive":[12],"pumping":[13],"in":[14,104],"Punjab":[15],"(Pakistan).":[16],"For":[17],"sustainable":[18,198],"supplies,":[20],"there":[21],"is":[22,37,47],"a":[23,178],"need":[24],"for":[25,39,90,110,181,197],"better":[26],"management":[27,42],"practices.":[28],"So,":[29],"the":[30,70,105,119,128,132,148,152,187,194],"identification":[31],"potential":[33,76,138,195],"recharge":[35,75],"zones":[36,77,139],"crucial":[38],"developing":[40],"effective":[41],"systems.":[43],"current":[45],"research":[46],"based":[48],"on":[49],"integrating":[50],"seven":[51],"contributing":[52],"factors,":[53],"including":[54],"geology,":[55],"soil":[56],"map,":[57],"land":[58],"cover/land":[59],"use,":[60],"lineament":[61],"density,":[62,64],"drainage":[63],"slope,":[65],"rainfall":[67],"to":[68,192],"categorize":[69],"area":[71,129,149],"into":[72],"various":[73,96],"using":[78,118],"remote":[79,165],"sensing,":[80],"geographic":[81,168],"information":[82,169],"system":[83,170],"(GIS),":[84,171],"analytical":[86],"hierarchical":[87],"process":[88],"(AHP)":[89],"Punjab,":[91],"Pakistan.":[92],"weights":[94],"(for":[95,102],"thematic":[97,111],"layers)":[98],"rating":[100],"values":[101],"sub-classes)":[103],"overlay":[106],"analysis":[107],"were":[108],"assigned":[109],"layers":[112],"then":[114],"modified":[115],"normalized":[117],"AHP.":[120],"result":[122],"indicates":[123],"that":[124,144,161],"about":[125],"17.88%":[126],"falls":[130,150],"under":[131,151],"category":[133,153],"very":[135,155],"high":[136],"(GWPZs).":[140],"It":[141],"was":[142],"found":[143],"only":[145],"12.27%":[146],"low":[156],"GWPZs.":[157,183],"results":[159],"showed":[160],"spatial":[162],"technologies":[163],"like":[164],"sensing":[166],"when":[172],"combined":[173],"with":[174],"AHP":[175],"technique,":[176],"provide":[177],"robust":[179],"platform":[180],"studying":[182],"This":[184],"will":[185],"help":[186],"public":[188],"government":[190],"sectors":[191],"understand":[193],"zone":[196],"management.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}