{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402050023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313","title":"Navigating Immovable Assets: A Graph-Based Spatio-Temporal Data Model for Effective Information Management","display_name":"Navigating Immovable Assets: A Graph-Based Spatio-Temporal Data Model for Effective Information Management","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402050023","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/313/pdf?version=1725013214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/313/pdf?version=1725013214","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102709906","display_name":"Muhammad Syafiq","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Syafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011424735","display_name":"Suhaibah Azri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7926-9608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suhaibah Azri","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062092871","display_name":"Uznir Ujang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uznir Ujang","raw_affiliation_strings":["3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-8478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"3D GIS Research Lab, Faculty of Built Environment & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011424735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1401802,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"313","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7401174902915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.6061537861824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5455436706542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-management","display_name":"Data management","score":0.4932805895805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-database","display_name":"Graph database","score":0.4728660583496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-integration","display_name":"Data integration","score":0.463441401720047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nosql","display_name":"NoSQL","score":0.4586673974990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.44773006439208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset-management","display_name":"Asset management","score":0.4465672969818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.42049849033355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-model","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","score":0.41379866003990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-structure","display_name":"Data structure","score":0.4129219651222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2907979488372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.28782784938812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.24496737122535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15789437294006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1484113335609436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7401174902915955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.6061537861824036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5455436706542969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1668388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149776","display_name":"Data management","level":2,"score":0.4932805895805359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176225458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595971","display_name":"Graph database","level":3,"score":0.4728660583496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.463441401720047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779599972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82231","display_name":"NoSQL","level":3,"score":0.4586673974990845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.44773006439208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873442","display_name":"Asset management","level":2,"score":0.4465672969818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.42049849033355713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100463513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227322","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","level":2,"score":0.41379866003990173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162319229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175263","display_name":"Data structure","level":2,"score":0.4129219651222229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2907979488372803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.28782784938812256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.24496737122535706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15789437294006348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1484113335609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/313/pdf?version=1725013214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6867db64bc0a4544897e168e2000deea","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6867db64bc0a4544897e168e2000deea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 313 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/13/9/313/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13090313","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13090313","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/9/313/pdf?version=1725013214","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402050023.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402050023.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W290743290","https://openalex.org/W1409881120","https://openalex.org/W2014601079","https://openalex.org/W2035184119","https://openalex.org/W2076263031","https://openalex.org/W2140260638","https://openalex.org/W2295288655","https://openalex.org/W2466203172","https://openalex.org/W2522927276","https://openalex.org/W2615931972","https://openalex.org/W2751137979","https://openalex.org/W2775413458","https://openalex.org/W2790732864","https://openalex.org/W2885916670","https://openalex.org/W2886491895","https://openalex.org/W2897317820","https://openalex.org/W2917763923","https://openalex.org/W2963107557","https://openalex.org/W2965882148","https://openalex.org/W2969075722","https://openalex.org/W2978257129","https://openalex.org/W2981807454","https://openalex.org/W2990205779","https://openalex.org/W2999891794","https://openalex.org/W3003245753","https://openalex.org/W3043150878","https://openalex.org/W3044579399","https://openalex.org/W3047243584","https://openalex.org/W3083570089","https://openalex.org/W3092012490","https://openalex.org/W3094971052","https://openalex.org/W3095568745","https://openalex.org/W3102285533","https://openalex.org/W3106293749","https://openalex.org/W3106390235","https://openalex.org/W3109728656","https://openalex.org/W3111022079","https://openalex.org/W3124042826","https://openalex.org/W3157705513","https://openalex.org/W3162547011","https://openalex.org/W3163645756","https://openalex.org/W3163828919","https://openalex.org/W3166759673","https://openalex.org/W3209154611","https://openalex.org/W4223596215","https://openalex.org/W4232812497","https://openalex.org/W4292168274","https://openalex.org/W4308568299","https://openalex.org/W4310816363","https://openalex.org/W4311153065","https://openalex.org/W4311762774","https://openalex.org/W4312248119","https://openalex.org/W4312561559","https://openalex.org/W4362703568","https://openalex.org/W4383107016","https://openalex.org/W4387869828","https://openalex.org/W4389657442","https://openalex.org/W6738059678","https://openalex.org/W6744162237","https://openalex.org/W6755422146","https://openalex.org/W6762464183","https://openalex.org/W6810089750","https://openalex.org/W6847238634"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2535413785","https://openalex.org/W2229948894","https://openalex.org/W3175354878","https://openalex.org/W2063103532","https://openalex.org/W2041326221","https://openalex.org/W2300826460","https://openalex.org/W2784311693","https://openalex.org/W2397211153","https://openalex.org/W3122656612","https://openalex.org/W4239384699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Asset":[0],"management":[1,40,126,193,204],"is":[2,20],"a":[3,32,48,54,74,107,113,163,181,198],"process":[4,109],"that":[5,37,77],"deals":[6],"with":[7,180],"numerous":[8],"types":[9],"of":[10,25,31,41,122,134,141,194,205],"data,":[11],"including":[12],"spatial":[13,43,61,70],"and":[14,44,62,81,147,172,178,202,207],"temporal":[15,45,63,98,209],"data.":[16],"Such":[17],"an":[18],"occurrence":[19],"attributed":[21],"to":[22,59,84,117,150,169],"the":[23,29,39,69,86,97,102,119,131,192,203],"proliferation":[24],"information":[26,64,154,190,210],"sources.":[27],"However,":[28],"lack":[30],"comprehensive":[33],"asset":[34,66,125,137,158],"data":[35,46,57,91],"model":[36,58,85,110],"encompasses":[38],"both":[42,142],"remains":[47],"challenge.":[49],"Therefore,":[50],"this":[51,187],"paper":[52,188],"proposes":[53],"graph-based":[55,75],"spatio-temporal":[56,148],"integrate":[60],"into":[65,129],"management.":[67,138,159],"In":[68,96],"layer,":[71,99],"we":[72,100],"provide":[73],"method":[76,161],"uses":[78],"topological":[79],"containment":[80],"connectivity":[82],"relationships":[83],"interior":[87],"building":[88],"space":[89],"using":[90,197],"from":[92],"3D":[93,195],"city":[94],"models.":[95],"proposed":[101],"Aggregated":[103],"Directly-Follows":[104],"Multigraph":[105],"(ADFM),":[106],"novel":[108],"based":[111],"on":[112],"directly-follows":[114],"graph":[115,183,200,212],"(DFG),":[116],"show":[118],"chronological":[120],"flow":[121],"events":[123,135,156,206],"in":[124,136,157],"by":[127],"taking":[128],"consideration":[130],"repetitive":[132],"nature":[133],"The":[139],"integration":[140],"layers":[143],"allows":[144],"spatial,":[145],"temporal,":[146],"queries":[149],"be":[151],"made":[152],"regarding":[153],"about":[155],"This":[160],"offers":[162],"more":[164],"straightforward":[165],"query,":[166],"which":[167],"helps":[168],"eliminate":[170],"duplicate":[171],"false":[173],"query":[174],"results":[175],"when":[176],"assessed":[177],"compared":[179],"flattened":[182],"event":[184],"log.":[185],"Finally,":[186],"provides":[189],"for":[191],"spaces":[196],"NoSQL":[199],"database":[201],"their":[208],"through":[211],"modelling.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}