{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394892108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040135","title":"A Hierarchy-Aware Geocoding Model Based on Cross-Attention within the Seq2Seq Framework","display_name":"A Hierarchy-Aware Geocoding Model Based on Cross-Attention within the Seq2Seq Framework","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394892108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13040135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/4/135/pdf?version=1713363920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/4/135/pdf?version=1713363920","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045990827","display_name":"Linlin Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4231-723X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4231-723X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024574780","display_name":"Yuanfei Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7998-0801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanfei Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078350779","display_name":"Yizhuo Quan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yizhuo Quan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008156463","display_name":"Chengbo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-1769"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137199","display_name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0419fj215","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengbo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center for Geomatics, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024574780"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210137199"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":10.9449,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98110789,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"135","last_page":"135"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9789000153541565,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geocoding","display_name":"Geocoding","score":0.9402228593826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7385597229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6636152863502502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6134464144706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchy","display_name":"Hierarchy","score":0.6024255156517029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5635613799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.5315667986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-database-model","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","score":0.518657386302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.47109493613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granularity","display_name":"Granularity","score":0.4519677758216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.417633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35000646114349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.20843341946601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.19678714871406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12010040879249573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.9402228593826294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7385597229003906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6636152863502502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6134464144706726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31170391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188619","display_name":"Hierarchy","level":2,"score":0.6024255156517029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5635613799095154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5315667986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144986985","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q871236","display_name":"Hierarchical database model","level":2,"score":0.518657386302948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.47109493613243103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177774035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246948","display_name":"Granularity","level":2,"score":0.4519677758216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.417633056640625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35000646114349365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.20843341946601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.19678714871406555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12010040879249573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13040135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/4/135/pdf?version=1713363920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6866790f90154778a731393e667c42af","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6866790f90154778a731393e667c42af","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 135 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi13040135","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi13040135","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/13/4/135/pdf?version=1713363920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8664581307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3301603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394892108.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966633684","https://openalex.org/W1986353013","https://openalex.org/W2000618564","https://openalex.org/W2015570541","https://openalex.org/W2033673704","https://openalex.org/W2123294561","https://openalex.org/W2152229249","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2226371358","https://openalex.org/W2251535681","https://openalex.org/W2284646714","https://openalex.org/W2296291818","https://openalex.org/W2327501763","https://openalex.org/W2355800787","https://openalex.org/W2362329074","https://openalex.org/W2593537191","https://openalex.org/W2605887895","https://openalex.org/W2782160692","https://openalex.org/W2788931857","https://openalex.org/W2799089834","https://openalex.org/W2909828422","https://openalex.org/W2962965405","https://openalex.org/W2981342983","https://openalex.org/W2986978353","https://openalex.org/W2992845944","https://openalex.org/W3005625484","https://openalex.org/W3017677194","https://openalex.org/W3021636956","https://openalex.org/W3102725307","https://openalex.org/W3105241684","https://openalex.org/W3105602814","https://openalex.org/W3108831921","https://openalex.org/W3117363710","https://openalex.org/W3183371105","https://openalex.org/W3186726630","https://openalex.org/W3216253159","https://openalex.org/W4212984430","https://openalex.org/W4226244192","https://openalex.org/W4321384499","https://openalex.org/W4399497415","https://openalex.org/W6770915580","https://openalex.org/W6982054360"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W10590203","https://openalex.org/W3125352268","https://openalex.org/W1829360400","https://openalex.org/W2920874770","https://openalex.org/W2004610910","https://openalex.org/W1978785994","https://openalex.org/W2610881451","https://openalex.org/W2461263520","https://openalex.org/W2942485139","https://openalex.org/W4205449067"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Geocoding":[0],"converts":[1],"unstructured":[2],"geographic":[3,33],"text":[4],"into":[5,107],"structured":[6],"spatial":[7,20],"data,":[8],"which":[9],"is":[10],"crucial":[11],"in":[12,172,204],"fields":[13],"such":[14,205],"as":[15,31,45,86],"urban":[16],"planning,":[17],"social":[18],"media":[19],"analysis,":[21],"and":[22,62,93,152,159,181,188],"emergency":[23],"response":[24],"systems.":[25],"Existing":[26],"approaches":[27,145],"predominantly":[28],"model":[29,72,84,111,141,195],"geocoding":[30,71,85],"a":[32,69,87,104,150],"grid":[34,47,91],"classification":[35],"task":[36,88],"but":[37],"struggle":[38],"with":[39,149,174],"the":[40,46,55,77,108,110,114,118,126,132,139,179,199],"output":[41],"space":[42],"dimensionality":[43],"explosion":[44],"granularity":[48],"increases.":[49],"Furthermore,":[50,163],"these":[51],"methods":[52],"generally":[53],"overlook":[54],"inherent":[56],"hierarchical":[57,119],"structure":[58],"of":[59,98,156,201],"geographical":[60],"texts":[61],"grids.":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"propose":[68],"hierarchy-aware":[70],"based":[73,130],"on":[74,131],"cross-attention":[75,105],"within":[76],"Seq2Seq":[78],"framework,":[79],"incorporating":[80,103],"S2":[81,95,99],"geometry":[82],"to":[83,125,170],"for":[89],"generating":[90],"labels":[92],"predicting":[94],"tokens":[96],"(labels":[97],"grids)":[100],"character-by-character.":[101],"By":[102],"mechanism":[106],"decoder,":[109],"dynamically":[112],"perceives":[113],"address":[115,134],"contexts":[116],"at":[117],"level":[120],"that":[121,138,193],"are":[122],"most":[123],"relevant":[124],"current":[127],"character":[128],"prediction":[129],"input":[133],"text.":[135],"Results":[136],"show":[137],"proposed":[140],"significantly":[142],"outperforms":[143],"previous":[144],"across":[146],"multiple":[147],"metrics,":[148],"median":[151,180],"mean":[153,182],"distance":[154,183],"error":[155,184],"41.46":[157],"m":[158,187],"93.98":[160],"m,":[161,190],"respectively.":[162],"our":[164,194],"method":[165],"achieves":[166],"superior":[167],"results":[168],"compared":[169],"others":[171],"regions":[173],"sparse":[175],"data":[176],"distribution,":[177],"reducing":[178],"by":[185],"16.27":[186],"7.52":[189],"respectively,":[191],"suggesting":[192],"has":[196],"effectively":[197],"mitigated":[198],"issue":[200],"insufficient":[202],"learning":[203],"regions.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
