{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387458921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100412","title":"Evaluating the Usability of a Gaze-Adaptive Approach for Identifying and Comparing Raster Values between Multilayers","display_name":"Evaluating the Usability of a Gaze-Adaptive Approach for Identifying and Comparing Raster Values between Multilayers","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387458921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100412"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12100412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/10/412/pdf?version=1696766876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/10/412/pdf?version=1696766876","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081584950","display_name":"Changbo Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-2183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changbo Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4621-2183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089343518","display_name":"Hua Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-329X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173759888","display_name":"Hunan Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/053w1zy07","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hua Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6304-329X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Geospatial Big Data Mining and Application, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geographic Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101579021","display_name":"Yongbo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6754-6176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187400657","display_name":"South China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kq0pv72","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongbo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187400657"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012133509","display_name":"Weihua Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-7946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weihua Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089343518"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173759888"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":0.255,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57768027,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"10","first_page":"412","last_page":"412"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10799","display_name":"Data Visualization and Analytics","score":0.9542999863624573,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.8280444145202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/raster-graphics","display_name":"Raster graphics","score":0.7675263285636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7461848855018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.6738591194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptation","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","score":0.583239734172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.5754454135894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5704946517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.551990270614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5392645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.537863552570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4397013187408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legibility","display_name":"Legibility","score":0.43957021832466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bittorrent-tracker","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","score":0.4341649115085602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.42343848943710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41531842947006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.095772385597229}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.8280444145202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181844469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182270","display_name":"Raster graphics","level":2,"score":0.7675263285636902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7461848855018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.6738591194152832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.583239734172821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.5754454135894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5704946517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.551990270614624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5392645001411438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.537863552570343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4397013187408447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779332521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820694","display_name":"Legibility","level":2,"score":0.43957021832466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57501372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2021268","display_name":"BitTorrent tracker","level":3,"score":0.4341649115085602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.42343848943710327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41531842947006226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.095772385597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12100412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/10/412/pdf?version=1696766876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:757cd28bc5354c52a3f06272d621307d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/757cd28bc5354c52a3f06272d621307d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 12, Iss 10, p 412 (2023)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12100412","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12100412","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/10/412/pdf?version=1696766876","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1117217724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42230103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4599481855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42001410","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G524880093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021JJ40350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6951144807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42371455","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4387458921.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1590806791","https://openalex.org/W1900841621","https://openalex.org/W1985270055","https://openalex.org/W1985587638","https://openalex.org/W2008517591","https://openalex.org/W2023159994","https://openalex.org/W2078869203","https://openalex.org/W2079288505","https://openalex.org/W2098550303","https://openalex.org/W2110228188","https://openalex.org/W2112103637","https://openalex.org/W2120398245","https://openalex.org/W2136232495","https://openalex.org/W2151324917","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2462641395","https://openalex.org/W2467926205","https://openalex.org/W2481365383","https://openalex.org/W2582663318","https://openalex.org/W2584390429","https://openalex.org/W2604150046","https://openalex.org/W2742874574","https://openalex.org/W2796228338","https://openalex.org/W2799377814","https://openalex.org/W2800572451","https://openalex.org/W2810218536","https://openalex.org/W2883844019","https://openalex.org/W2898916751","https://openalex.org/W2901243811","https://openalex.org/W2942474547","https://openalex.org/W2946852604","https://openalex.org/W2969383759","https://openalex.org/W2995679171","https://openalex.org/W3014274848","https://openalex.org/W3042095192","https://openalex.org/W3119947686","https://openalex.org/W3133969202","https://openalex.org/W3164089640","https://openalex.org/W3165016195","https://openalex.org/W3197405043","https://openalex.org/W4200344573","https://openalex.org/W4211245165","https://openalex.org/W4220845124","https://openalex.org/W4224293649","https://openalex.org/W4225310609","https://openalex.org/W4281262066","https://openalex.org/W4299627282","https://openalex.org/W4315647840","https://openalex.org/W4318483370","https://openalex.org/W4319841220","https://openalex.org/W4386932218","https://openalex.org/W6629016409","https://openalex.org/W6643516221","https://openalex.org/W6787924713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072871059","https://openalex.org/W2480793735","https://openalex.org/W4384788979","https://openalex.org/W2511178891","https://openalex.org/W2126676984","https://openalex.org/W178060743","https://openalex.org/W2909390414","https://openalex.org/W2954509079","https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Raster":[0],"maps":[1,18],"provide":[2],"intuitive":[3],"visualizations":[4],"of":[5,77,94,106,109,141,185],"remote":[6],"sensing":[7],"data":[8],"representing":[9],"various":[10,63],"phenomena":[11],"on":[12,103,113,148],"the":[13,56,75,89,104,107,138,149,221,235,262],"Earth\u2019s":[14],"surface.":[15],"Reading":[16],"raster":[17,99,131],"with":[19,164,199],"intricate":[20],"information":[21],"requires":[22],"a":[23,156,165,171,183],"high":[24],"cognitive":[25],"workload,":[26],"especially":[27],"when":[28,97],"it":[29,207],"is":[30,144],"necessary":[31],"to":[32,45,61,74,87,181,228],"identify":[33],"and":[34,50,59,71,92,123,129,170,188,212,231],"compare":[35],"values":[36,132],"between":[37,55,133],"multiple":[38],"layers.":[39],"In":[40,82,135],"traditional":[41,172],"methods,":[42,120,137],"users":[43],"need":[44],"repeatedly":[46],"move":[47],"their":[48,52],"mouse":[49,166],"switch":[51],"visual":[53,78,151,249],"focus":[54,102],"map":[57],"content":[58,140],"legend":[60],"interpret":[62],"grid":[64,139],"value":[65],"meanings.":[66],"Such":[67],"methods":[68,163,244],"are":[69,253],"ineffective":[70],"may":[72],"lead":[73],"loss":[76],"context":[79],"for":[80,127,255],"users.":[81],"this":[83],"research,":[84],"we":[85,240],"aim":[86],"explore":[88],"potential":[90],"benefits":[91],"drawbacks":[93],"gaze-adaptive":[95,119,215],"interactions":[96],"interpreting":[98],"maps.":[100],"We":[101,116,153],"usability":[105],"use":[108],"low-cost":[110],"eye":[111,237],"trackers":[112],"gaze-based":[114],"interactions.":[115],"designed":[117],"two":[118],"gaze":[121,124,197],"fixed":[122],"dynamic":[125,167],"adaptations,":[126],"identifying":[128],"comparing":[130,160],"multilayers.":[134],"both":[136],"different":[142,243],"layers":[143],"adaptively":[145],"adjusted":[146],"depending":[147],"user\u2019s":[150],"focus.":[152],"then":[154],"conducted":[155],"user":[157],"experiment":[158],"by":[159,220],"such":[161],"adaptation":[162,168,257],"method":[169],"method.":[173],"Thirty-one":[174],"participants":[175,203,222],"(n":[176],"=":[177],"31)":[178],"were":[179],"asked":[180],"complete":[182],"series":[184],"single-layer":[186,205],"identification":[187],"multilayer":[189,209],"comparison":[190,210],"tasks.":[191],"The":[192,214,251],"results":[193,252],"indicated":[194],"that":[195,242],"although":[196],"interaction":[198],"adaptive":[200],"legends":[201],"confused":[202],"in":[204,248,259,261],"identification,":[206],"improved":[208],"efficiency":[211],"effectiveness.":[213],"approach":[216],"was":[217,225],"well":[218],"received":[219],"overall,":[223],"but":[224],"also":[226],"perceived":[227],"be":[229],"distracting":[230],"insensitive.":[232],"By":[233],"analyzing":[234],"participants\u2019":[236],"movement":[238],"data,":[239],"found":[241],"exhibited":[245],"significant":[246],"differences":[247],"behaviors.":[250],"helpful":[254],"gaze-driven":[256],"research":[258],"(geo)visualization":[260],"future.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}