{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385994323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343","title":"Identification of Urban Functional Zones Based on POI Density and Marginalized Graph Autoencoder","display_name":"Identification of Urban Functional Zones Based on POI Density and Marginalized Graph Autoencoder","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385994323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12080343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/8/343/pdf?version=1692264184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/8/343/pdf?version=1692264184","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101235496","display_name":"Runpeng Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Runpeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086116798","display_name":"Zhenjie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3033-8470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014465144","display_name":"Feixue Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4404-9546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feixue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382815","display_name":"Chen Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0431-6024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086116798"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":6.5569,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96094033,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"343","last_page":"343"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-of-interest","display_name":"Point of interest","score":0.6508724093437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.6415905952453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.6366832256317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5963204503059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adjacency-list","display_name":"Adjacency list","score":0.5751981735229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.5444797277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4665133059024811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4616512060165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4091765284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.38990333676338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3635339140892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3554193377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1913008689880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1835523247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.14595523476600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1445775032043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.09822189807891846}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150140777","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q960648","display_name":"Point of interest","level":2,"score":0.6508724093437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.6415905952453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.6366832256317139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5963204503059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110484373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264398","display_name":"Adjacency list","level":2,"score":0.5751981735229492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.5444797277450562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4665133059024811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4616512060165405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4091765284538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.38990333676338196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3635339140892029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3554193377494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1913008689880371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1835523247718811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.14595523476600647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1445775032043457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.09822189807891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12080343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/8/343/pdf?version=1692264184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4e63867dfb1048839845b64d226f639b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4e63867dfb1048839845b64d226f639b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 343 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/12/8/343/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 12; Issue 8; Pages: 343","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12080343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080343","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/8/343/pdf?version=1692264184","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2696877592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171396","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7020581428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022YFC3800802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385994323.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W1990444226","https://openalex.org/W2070084003","https://openalex.org/W2099054202","https://openalex.org/W2110673348","https://openalex.org/W2309421598","https://openalex.org/W2336759105","https://openalex.org/W2534538876","https://openalex.org/W2741078791","https://openalex.org/W2754939259","https://openalex.org/W2767404761","https://openalex.org/W2904703694","https://openalex.org/W2908089896","https://openalex.org/W2914975973","https://openalex.org/W2941529264","https://openalex.org/W2944243060","https://openalex.org/W2980629735","https://openalex.org/W2988951636","https://openalex.org/W2989739256","https://openalex.org/W2991280521","https://openalex.org/W2995220619","https://openalex.org/W2996597198","https://openalex.org/W3006011968","https://openalex.org/W3011147769","https://openalex.org/W3014104048","https://openalex.org/W3088946389","https://openalex.org/W3119343825","https://openalex.org/W3133844141","https://openalex.org/W3133946056","https://openalex.org/W3163690249","https://openalex.org/W3170558324","https://openalex.org/W3172790954","https://openalex.org/W3181065315","https://openalex.org/W3214659126","https://openalex.org/W3216156171","https://openalex.org/W4205635340","https://openalex.org/W4206197186","https://openalex.org/W4206603952","https://openalex.org/W4210318078","https://openalex.org/W4213072451","https://openalex.org/W4214812902","https://openalex.org/W4214839291","https://openalex.org/W4220686148","https://openalex.org/W4220812401","https://openalex.org/W4220857710","https://openalex.org/W4221037756","https://openalex.org/W4224056130","https://openalex.org/W4224984016","https://openalex.org/W4280493756","https://openalex.org/W4280624995","https://openalex.org/W4281488225","https://openalex.org/W4282004271","https://openalex.org/W4293238398"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3013693939","https://openalex.org/W2566616303","https://openalex.org/W2159052453","https://openalex.org/W3131327266","https://openalex.org/W2734887215","https://openalex.org/W2803255133","https://openalex.org/W4297051394","https://openalex.org/W2752972570","https://openalex.org/W2151767655","https://openalex.org/W2963032120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"rapid":[1],"urbanization,":[2],"urban":[3,31,65,197],"functional":[4,66],"zones":[5,67],"have":[6,24,37],"become":[7],"important":[8],"for":[9,63],"rational":[10],"government":[11],"and":[12,21,72,88,114,148,191],"resource":[13],"allocation.":[14],"Points":[15],"of":[16,30,51,92,111,123,133,158,164,174,180,188,196],"interest":[17],"(POIs),":[18],"as":[19],"informative":[20],"open-access":[22],"data,":[23],"been":[25,55],"widely":[26],"used":[27,142],"in":[28,121],"studies":[29,36],"functions.":[32],"However,":[33],"most":[34],"existing":[35],"failed":[38],"to":[39,83,94,127,143,153],"address":[40],"unevenly":[41,102],"or":[42,103],"sparsely":[43,104],"distributed":[44,105],"POIs.":[45],"In":[46],"addition,":[47],"the":[48,85,90,95,99,108,124,131,134,138,155,194],"spatial":[49,125],"adjacency":[50,126],"analysis":[52,80],"units":[53,145],"has":[54],"ignored.":[56],"Therefore,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"a":[60,177],"new":[61],"method":[62,169],"identifying":[64],"based":[68],"on":[69],"POI":[70,86],"density":[71,79,87],"marginalized":[73],"graph":[74],"autoencoder":[75],"(MGAE).":[76],"First,":[77],"kernel":[78],"was":[81,141,151],"utilized":[82],"obtain":[84],"spread":[89],"effects":[91,110],"POIs":[93,106,132],"surroundings,":[96],"which":[97,182],"enhanced":[98],"data":[100],"from":[101,130],"considering":[107],"barrier":[109],"main":[112],"roads":[113],"rivers.":[115],"Second,":[116],"MGAE":[117],"performed":[118],"feature":[119],"extraction":[120],"view":[122],"integrate":[128],"features":[129],"surrounding":[135],"units.":[136],"Finally,":[137],"k-means":[139],"algorithm":[140],"cluster":[144],"into":[146],"zones,":[147],"semantic":[149],"recognition":[150],"applied":[152],"identify":[154],"function":[156,198],"category":[157],"each":[159],"zone.":[160],"A":[161],"case":[162],"study":[163],"Changzhou":[165],"indicates":[166],"that":[167,187],"this":[168],"achieved":[170],"an":[171],"overall":[172],"accuracy":[173],"90.33%":[175],"with":[176],"kappa":[178],"coefficient":[179],"0.88,":[181],"constitutes":[183],"considerable":[184],"improvement":[185],"over":[186],"conventional":[189],"methods":[190],"can":[192],"improve":[193],"performance":[195],"identification.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-04T08:18:43.703281","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}