{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4363676163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158","title":"A Tale of Two Cities: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as a Result of Racial, Socioeconomic, Digital, and Partisan Divides","display_name":"A Tale of Two Cities: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy as a Result of Racial, Socioeconomic, Digital, and Partisan Divides","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4363676163","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12040158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/4/158/pdf?version=1680860604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/4/158/pdf?version=1680860604","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448435","display_name":"Rui Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-1227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113508548","display_name":"Albany State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vme4277","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113508548"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Planning, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Planning, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004819252","display_name":"Daniel L. Erickson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6993-0162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Erickson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045756192","display_name":"Mareyam Belcaid","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mareyam Belcaid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060429071","display_name":"Madu Franklin Chinedu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madu Franklin Chinedu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009126885","display_name":"Oluwabukola Olufunke Akanbi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22465464","display_name":"University of M\u00fcnster","ror":"https://ror.org/00pd74e08","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oluwabukola Olufunke Akanbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Geoinformatics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22465464"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100448435"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113508548","https://openalex.org/I392282"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.2811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54518437,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"158","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10833","display_name":"Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10118","display_name":"SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research","score":0.9768000245094299,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10410","display_name":"COVID-19 epidemiological studies","score":0.9581000208854675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2611","display_name":"Modeling and Simulation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","score":0.8051594495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.5916624069213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5506996512413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-group","display_name":"Ethnic group","score":0.5359450578689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.4905790388584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census","display_name":"Census","score":0.4900995194911957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.4842481315135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.4616478979587555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.4422610402107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"Educational attainment","score":0.4249576926231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4175838828086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-community-survey","display_name":"American Community Survey","score":0.41012489795684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.3892359137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.38519126176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-economics","display_name":"Demographic economics","score":0.364341676235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.20740091800689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-studies","display_name":"Gender studies","score":0.124545156955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.10679396986961365}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.8051594495773315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.5916624069213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5506996512413025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.5359450578689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.4905790388584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.4900995194911957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4842481315135956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4616478979587555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.4422610402107239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779297142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276412","display_name":"Educational attainment","level":2,"score":0.4249576926231384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4175838828086853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15672241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463769","display_name":"American Community Survey","level":4,"score":0.41012489795684814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3892359137535095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.38519126176834106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.364341676235199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20740091800689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.124545156955719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.10679396986961365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12040158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/4/158/pdf?version=1680860604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:35a05433a2be4093945958b759d460ef","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/35a05433a2be4093945958b759d460ef","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 12, Iss 4, p 158 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/12/4/158/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 12; Issue 4; Pages: 158","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12040158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12040158","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/4/158/pdf?version=1680860604","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7200000286102295,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4363676163.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1981330657","https://openalex.org/W1993687411","https://openalex.org/W2047120335","https://openalex.org/W2094584175","https://openalex.org/W2119872262","https://openalex.org/W2127435093","https://openalex.org/W2146398993","https://openalex.org/W2148323323","https://openalex.org/W2153722085","https://openalex.org/W2999130971","https://openalex.org/W3015807396","https://openalex.org/W3037366497","https://openalex.org/W3048424114","https://openalex.org/W3093436217","https://openalex.org/W3120595420","https://openalex.org/W3134167050","https://openalex.org/W3137688032","https://openalex.org/W3139329320","https://openalex.org/W3159093711","https://openalex.org/W3170348249","https://openalex.org/W3201399764","https://openalex.org/W4205631507","https://openalex.org/W4213083971","https://openalex.org/W4220799453","https://openalex.org/W4224952621","https://openalex.org/W4229021258","https://openalex.org/W6740611294"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2945811939","https://openalex.org/W2235798449","https://openalex.org/W2041164913","https://openalex.org/W2580854549","https://openalex.org/W2262930677","https://openalex.org/W4233172172","https://openalex.org/W137521260","https://openalex.org/W2183038691","https://openalex.org/W2188543285","https://openalex.org/W4252078677"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"unprecedented":[1],"COVID-19":[2],"pandemic":[3],"has":[4],"drawn":[5],"great":[6],"attention":[7],"to":[8,71,88,177,188],"the":[9,15,18,49,54,58,80,171],"issue":[10],"of":[11,17,48,76,173],"vaccine":[12,21,149,182],"hesitancy,":[13],"as":[14,31,46,62,64,125,135,155],"acceptance":[16,150],"innovative":[19],"RNA":[20],"is":[22],"relatively":[23],"low.":[24],"Studies":[25],"have":[26,161],"addressed":[27],"multiple":[28],"factors,":[29,153],"such":[30,124,134,154],"socioeconomic,":[32],"political,":[33],"and":[34,85,90,109,127,140,157,184],"racial":[35],"backgrounds.":[36],"These":[37,167],"studies,":[38],"however,":[39],"rely":[40],"on":[41,181],"survey":[42],"data":[43,56],"from":[44,57],"participants":[45],"part":[47],"population.":[50],"This":[51,93],"study":[52,94],"utilizes":[53],"actual":[55,65],"U.S.":[59,67],"Census":[60],"Bureau":[61],"well":[63],"2020":[66],"presidential":[68],"election":[69],"results":[70,168],"generate":[72],"four":[73],"major":[74],"category":[75],"factors":[77,133,176],"that":[78,132],"divide":[79],"population:":[81],"socioeconomic":[82],"status,":[83],"race":[84],"ethnicity,":[86],"access":[87],"technology,":[89],"political":[91,136],"identification.":[92],"then":[95],"selects":[96],"a":[97,100,110,113],"region":[98,111],"in":[99,106,112,120,144,164],"traditionally":[101,114],"democratic":[102],"state":[103,116],"(Capital":[104],"Region":[105],"New":[107],"York)":[108],"republican":[115],"(Houston":[117],"metropolitan":[118],"area":[119],"Texas).":[121],"Statistical":[122],"analyses":[123],"correlation":[126],"geographically":[128],"weighted":[129],"regression":[130],"reveal":[131],"identification,":[137],"education":[138],"attainment,":[139],"non-White":[141],"Hispanic":[142],"ethnicity":[143],"both":[145],"regions":[146],"all":[147],"impact":[148],"significantly.":[151],"Other":[152],"poverty":[156],"particular":[158],"minority":[159],"races,":[160],"different":[162],"influences":[163],"each":[165],"region.":[166],"also":[169],"highlight":[170],"necessity":[172],"addressing":[174],"additional":[175],"further":[178],"shed":[179],"light":[180],"hesitancy":[183],"potential":[185],"solutions":[186],"according":[187],"identified":[189],"factors.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
