{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4320491011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064","title":"Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Geographical Data\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","display_name":"Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Geographical Data\u2014A Systematic Literature Review","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4320491011","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/64/pdf?version=1677228977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/64/pdf?version=1677228977","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028979534","display_name":"Padraig Corcoran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-3385"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Padraig Corcoran","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9731-3385","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016345745","display_name":"\u202aIrena Spasi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","display_name":"Cardiff University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kk7td41","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irena Spasi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-3885","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science & Informatics, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4AG, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028979534"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":4.04,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93388592,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"64","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.988099992275238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.7848299741744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6576595306396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6197428107261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5543543100357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5050130486488342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.49647217988967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.49048396944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4722822606563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-data-representation","display_name":"External Data Representation","score":0.4501301646232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11569076776504517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.7848299741744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6576595306396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6197428107261658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5543543100357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5050130486488342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.49647217988967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.49048396944999695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4722822606563568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116409475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385056","display_name":"External Data Representation","level":2,"score":0.4501301646232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11569076776504517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/64/pdf?version=1677228977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk:156611","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"https://orca.cardiff.ac.uk/id/eprint/156611/1/ijgi-12-00064-v3.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401195","display_name":"ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79510175","host_organization_name":"Cardiff University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79510175"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:53cc7c94568a4bd2b9a953935a8912ad","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/53cc7c94568a4bd2b9a953935a8912ad","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 64 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/12/2/64/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020064","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/64/pdf?version=1677228977","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4320491011.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":118,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2096733369","https://openalex.org/W2153579005","https://openalex.org/W2330318528","https://openalex.org/W2534727297","https://openalex.org/W2604411573","https://openalex.org/W2620858446","https://openalex.org/W2741512591","https://openalex.org/W2743969099","https://openalex.org/W2762529682","https://openalex.org/W2776890924","https://openalex.org/W2784528539","https://openalex.org/W2786997513","https://openalex.org/W2788501898","https://openalex.org/W2789485833","https://openalex.org/W2883725317","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2899101283","https://openalex.org/W2900801336","https://openalex.org/W2903883820","https://openalex.org/W2904349291","https://openalex.org/W2911485121","https://openalex.org/W2913551170","https://openalex.org/W2913974479","https://openalex.org/W2914041468","https://openalex.org/W2914948266","https://openalex.org/W2919248817","https://openalex.org/W2919292274","https://openalex.org/W2928021002","https://openalex.org/W2942405305","https://openalex.org/W2946420264","https://openalex.org/W2951483761","https://openalex.org/W2953588284","https://openalex.org/W2962949580","https://openalex.org/W2964057288","https://openalex.org/W2967293034","https://openalex.org/W2968597970","https://openalex.org/W2970849355","https://openalex.org/W2972394938","https://openalex.org/W2982280746","https://openalex.org/W2982600635","https://openalex.org/W2983130105","https://openalex.org/W2983674809","https://openalex.org/W2987141572","https://openalex.org/W2987294674","https://openalex.org/W2988416191","https://openalex.org/W2988951636","https://openalex.org/W2989592115","https://openalex.org/W2989615245","https://openalex.org/W2991533150","https://openalex.org/W2998509274","https://openalex.org/W3003989916","https://openalex.org/W3005625484","https://openalex.org/W3006991141","https://openalex.org/W3007019564","https://openalex.org/W3008064877","https://openalex.org/W3008328978","https://openalex.org/W3012583653","https://openalex.org/W3013563398","https://openalex.org/W3013605954","https://openalex.org/W3014139564","https://openalex.org/W3023371261","https://openalex.org/W3023770275","https://openalex.org/W3031089646","https://openalex.org/W3031324346","https://openalex.org/W3034992133","https://openalex.org/W3035060554","https://openalex.org/W3035078642","https://openalex.org/W3035098013","https://openalex.org/W3036224891","https://openalex.org/W3043763655","https://openalex.org/W3080720646","https://openalex.org/W3085063431","https://openalex.org/W3093741743","https://openalex.org/W3094363837","https://openalex.org/W3094566949","https://openalex.org/W3102423243","https://openalex.org/W3107149409","https://openalex.org/W3113491032","https://openalex.org/W3114925004","https://openalex.org/W3120437934","https://openalex.org/W3127711473","https://openalex.org/W3130207513","https://openalex.org/W3131573008","https://openalex.org/W3134210100","https://openalex.org/W3134652006","https://openalex.org/W3145942417","https://openalex.org/W3147802794","https://openalex.org/W3150739942","https://openalex.org/W3163513764","https://openalex.org/W3166420734","https://openalex.org/W3167678855","https://openalex.org/W3169193436","https://openalex.org/W3172656902","https://openalex.org/W3173151551","https://openalex.org/W3183488132","https://openalex.org/W3183610676","https://openalex.org/W3194259208","https://openalex.org/W3194918783","https://openalex.org/W3197546218","https://openalex.org/W3202545208","https://openalex.org/W3203350115","https://openalex.org/W3207924272","https://openalex.org/W3214340375","https://openalex.org/W4210558159","https://openalex.org/W4213088607","https://openalex.org/W4225396469","https://openalex.org/W4283697304","https://openalex.org/W4291570752","https://openalex.org/W6748309259","https://openalex.org/W6767155776","https://openalex.org/W6775727475","https://openalex.org/W6778963776","https://openalex.org/W6779326418","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6787943923","https://openalex.org/W6797132756","https://openalex.org/W6797967018"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2917844847","https://openalex.org/W2036757537","https://openalex.org/W4556600","https://openalex.org/W2096451653","https://openalex.org/W4238546310","https://openalex.org/W2952512863","https://openalex.org/W4282930045","https://openalex.org/W3134504629","https://openalex.org/W2938696877","https://openalex.org/W4323911413"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-supervised":[0],"representation":[1,12,22,108],"learning":[2,8,34,95],"(SSRL)":[3],"concerns":[4],"the":[5,14,46,59,68,88,110],"problem":[6],"of":[7,48,75],"a":[9,42,106],"useful":[10,43],"data":[11],"without":[13],"requirement":[15],"for":[16],"labelled":[17],"or":[18],"annotated":[19],"data.":[20],"This":[21],"can,":[23],"in":[24,45,63],"turn,":[25],"be":[26,41],"used":[27,90,98],"to":[28,31,40,66,91,99],"support":[29],"solutions":[30],"downstream":[32,85],"machine":[33,94],"problems.":[35],"SSRL":[36,80],"has":[37],"been":[38],"demonstrated":[39],"tool":[44],"field":[47],"geographical":[49],"information":[50],"science":[51],"(GIS).":[52],"In":[53],"this":[54,64],"article,":[55],"we":[56],"systematically":[57],"review":[58],"existing":[60],"research":[61,71],"literature":[62],"space":[65],"answer":[67],"following":[69],"five":[70],"questions.":[72],"What":[73,79,84,93],"types":[74],"representations":[76,89],"were":[77,82,87,97],"learnt?":[78],"models":[81,96],"used?":[83],"problems":[86],"solve?":[92],"solve":[100],"these":[101],"problems?":[102],"Finally,":[103],"does":[104],"using":[105],"learnt":[107],"improve":[109],"overall":[111],"performance?":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-02-14T00:00:00"}
