{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4318823992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047","title":"Future Swedish 3D City Models\u2014Specifications, Test Data, and Evaluation","display_name":"Future Swedish 3D City Models\u2014Specifications, Test Data, and Evaluation","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4318823992","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/47/pdf?version=1676463236","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/47/pdf?version=1676463236","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031245144","display_name":"Maria Uggla","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Uggla","raw_affiliation_strings":["City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019661796","display_name":"Per\u2010Ola Olsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2266-6394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Perola Olsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006300793","display_name":"Barzan Abdi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125917","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/02vs70k74","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barzan Abdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017331303","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Axelsson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100060","display_name":"Sweco (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/010ees266","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100060"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn Axelsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030641783","display_name":"Matthew B. Calvert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7536-7961"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Calvert","raw_affiliation_strings":["City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City Planning Department, Fleminggatan 4, SE-104 20 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006570925","display_name":"Ulrika Christensen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125917","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/02vs70k74","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ulrika Christensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041281427","display_name":"Daniel Gardev\u00e4rn","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125917","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/02vs70k74","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Gardev\u00e4rn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028690335","display_name":"G. N. Hirsch","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100060","display_name":"Sweco (Sweden)","ror":"https://ror.org/010ees266","country_code":"SE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100060"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Hirsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sweco Sverige AB, Digital Services, Box 340 44, SE-100 26 Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100060"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024716520","display_name":"Eric Jeansson","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Jeansson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070671543","display_name":"Zuhret Kadric","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zuhret Kadric","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002113741","display_name":"Jonas Lord","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonas Lord","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058340608","display_name":"Axel Loreman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125917","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/02vs70k74","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Axel Loreman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057699120","display_name":"Andreas Persson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2339-9387"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Persson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086863444","display_name":"Ola Setterby","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ola Setterby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049618730","display_name":"Maria Sj\u00f6berger","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Sj\u00f6berger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban Planning Authority, K\u00f6pmansgatan 20, SE-411 13 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075204125","display_name":"Paul Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8902-1497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125917","display_name":"Malm\u00f6 Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/02vs70k74","country_code":"SE","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Urban City Planning Office, August Palms Plats 1, SE-205 80 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125917"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036428363","display_name":"Andreas Ruden\u00e5","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-3947"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Ruden\u00e5","raw_affiliation_strings":["Paramountric, \u00c4rtholmsv\u00e4gen 166, SE-216 20 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Paramountric, \u00c4rtholmsv\u00e4gen 166, SE-216 20 Malm\u00f6, Sweden","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075194508","display_name":"Andreas P. Ahlstr\u00f8m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8235-8070"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Ahlstr\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074906526","display_name":"Mikael Bauner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-3558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikael Bauner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-3558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002451415","display_name":"Kendall Hartman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kendall Hartman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080362093","display_name":"Karolina Pantazatou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0081-7814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karolina Pantazatou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102719358","display_name":"Wenjing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-9306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenjing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0222-9306","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036083161","display_name":"Hongchao Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0051-7451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongchao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041157601","display_name":"Gefei Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4641-7456"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gefei Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100455129","display_name":"Hang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1230-4007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204778367","display_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xg72x27","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204778367"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043913530","display_name":"Lars Harrie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","display_name":"Lund University","ror":"https://ror.org/012a77v79","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lars Harrie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3252-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, S\u00f6lvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":26,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043913530"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.935,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89917686,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"47","last_page":"47"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9768999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citygml","display_name":"CityGML","score":0.9724228382110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6425487995147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-model","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","score":0.5021195411682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-city-models","display_name":"3D city models","score":0.5014603137969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.439785897731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.4377974569797516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.4107837677001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.33505141735076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08926436305046082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776744651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093900","display_name":"CityGML","level":3,"score":0.9724228382110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6425487995147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100463513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227322","display_name":"Data model (GIS)","level":2,"score":0.5021195411682129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778597888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172169","display_name":"3D city models","level":3,"score":0.5014603137969971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.439785897731781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4377974569797516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.4107837677001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.33505141735076904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08926436305046082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/47/pdf?version=1676463236","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7381dda3f0fe4c2e9f1603c07348c405","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7381dda3f0fe4c2e9f1603c07348c405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 47 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:67c8d800-9331-49ea-9ccd-28002d7a770f","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/67c8d800-9331-49ea-9ccd-28002d7a770f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400536","display_name":"Lund University Publications (Lund University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I187531555","host_organization_name":"Lund University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187531555"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISSN: 2220-9964","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/12/2/47/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/3099283","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/3099283","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"0","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi12020047","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12020047","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/12/2/47/pdf?version=1676463236","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4318823992.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":74,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1903466446","https://openalex.org/W1974947380","https://openalex.org/W1998460924","https://openalex.org/W2053164535","https://openalex.org/W2054204986","https://openalex.org/W2061170168","https://openalex.org/W2075162349","https://openalex.org/W2091135604","https://openalex.org/W2097403204","https://openalex.org/W2114119364","https://openalex.org/W2210359000","https://openalex.org/W2258227363","https://openalex.org/W2348385415","https://openalex.org/W2401534060","https://openalex.org/W2528520800","https://openalex.org/W2529218138","https://openalex.org/W2538687721","https://openalex.org/W2589813471","https://openalex.org/W2765099728","https://openalex.org/W2766186857","https://openalex.org/W2793405577","https://openalex.org/W2793631145","https://openalex.org/W2793851618","https://openalex.org/W2804319089","https://openalex.org/W2806377715","https://openalex.org/W2885916670","https://openalex.org/W2886998832","https://openalex.org/W2889554275","https://openalex.org/W2912466719","https://openalex.org/W2917763923","https://openalex.org/W2944665834","https://openalex.org/W2955363706","https://openalex.org/W2963857692","https://openalex.org/W2976051541","https://openalex.org/W2981562582","https://openalex.org/W2986688977","https://openalex.org/W2987906475","https://openalex.org/W2995472789","https://openalex.org/W3004322146","https://openalex.org/W3005434123","https://openalex.org/W3006275280","https://openalex.org/W3007908608","https://openalex.org/W3008574175","https://openalex.org/W3043869168","https://openalex.org/W3044579461","https://openalex.org/W3048245346","https://openalex.org/W3083200451","https://openalex.org/W3085224744","https://openalex.org/W3092779648","https://openalex.org/W3102285533","https://openalex.org/W3107166590","https://openalex.org/W3114654707","https://openalex.org/W3122800596","https://openalex.org/W3154661144","https://openalex.org/W3186386171","https://openalex.org/W3189885690","https://openalex.org/W3201898306","https://openalex.org/W3204249132","https://openalex.org/W3212140683","https://openalex.org/W3213879339","https://openalex.org/W4224244268","https://openalex.org/W4281252663","https://openalex.org/W4293085204","https://openalex.org/W4295763386","https://openalex.org/W4308568299","https://openalex.org/W4313491088","https://openalex.org/W4378981755","https://openalex.org/W6639688195","https://openalex.org/W6745829197","https://openalex.org/W6749299272","https://openalex.org/W6758978633","https://openalex.org/W6769832420","https://openalex.org/W6798959476","https://openalex.org/W7011635384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1767252664","https://openalex.org/W3091198297","https://openalex.org/W2586324716","https://openalex.org/W2961362339","https://openalex.org/W3117916727","https://openalex.org/W4242540484","https://openalex.org/W2419025593","https://openalex.org/W2945763132","https://openalex.org/W2978389246","https://openalex.org/W2538304170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Three-dimensional":[0],"city":[1,22,50],"models":[2,23,31],"are":[3,206],"increasingly":[4],"being":[5],"used":[6],"for":[7,48,117,187,194],"analyses":[8],"and":[9,68,114,138,166,197,202],"simulations.":[10,168],"To":[11],"enable":[12],"such":[13],"applications,":[14],"it":[15],"is":[16,56,72,90,105,174,216],"necessary":[17,192],"to":[18,28,97,110,208,217],"standardise":[19],"semantically":[20,91],"richer":[21],"and,":[24],"in":[25,65,102,149,156],"some":[26],"cases,":[27],"connect":[29],"the":[30,41,61,76,118,176,181,188,191,195,210,221,232,235],"with":[32,99,145,180],"external":[33,111,183],"data":[34,153,184],"sources.":[35],"In":[36],"this":[37],"study,":[38],"we":[39],"describe":[40],"development":[42],"of":[43,75,190,234],"a":[44,57],"new":[45],"Swedish":[46],"specification":[47],"3D":[49],"models,":[51],"denoted":[52],"as":[53,82,161,163,229],"3CIM,":[54],"which":[55,224],"joint":[58],"effort":[59],"between":[60],"three":[62,222],"largest":[63],"cities":[64],"Sweden\u2014Stockholm,":[66],"Gothenburg,":[67],"Malm\u00f6.":[69],"Technically,":[70],"3CIM":[71,104,124,146,177,219],"an":[73,83],"extension":[74,86],"OGC":[77],"standard":[78],"CityGML":[79,95],"2.0,":[80],"implemented":[81],"application":[84],"domain":[85],"(ADE).":[87],"The":[88,121,169,213],"ADE":[89],"thin,":[92],"mainly":[93,106],"extending":[94],"2.0":[96],"harmonise":[98],"national":[100],"standards;":[101],"contrast,":[103],"based":[107],"on":[108],"linkages":[109],"databases,":[112],"registers,":[113],"operational":[115],"systems":[116],"semantic":[119],"part.":[120],"current":[122],"version,":[123],"1.0,":[125],"includes":[126],"various":[127],"themes,":[128],"including":[129,159],"Bridge,":[130],"Building,":[131],"Utility,":[132],"City":[133],"Furniture,":[134],"Transportation,":[135],"Tunnel,":[136],"Vegetation,":[137],"Water.":[139],"Three":[140],"test":[141],"areas":[142],"were":[143,154],"created":[144],"data,":[147,178],"one":[148],"each":[150],"city.":[151],"These":[152],"evaluated":[155],"several":[157,227],"use-cases,":[158],"visualisation":[160,196],"well":[162],"daylight,":[164],"noise,":[165],"flooding":[167],"conclusion":[170],"from":[171],"these":[172],"use-cases":[173],"that":[175],"together":[179],"linked":[182],"sources,":[185],"allow":[186],"inclusion":[189],"information":[193],"simulations,":[198],"but":[199],"extract,":[200],"transform,":[201],"load":[203],"(ETL)":[204],"processes":[205],"required":[207],"tailor":[209],"input":[211],"data.":[212],"next":[214],"step":[215],"implement":[218],"within":[220],"cities,":[223],"will":[225],"entail":[226],"challenges,":[228],"discussed":[230],"at":[231],"end":[233],"paper.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2023-02-02T00:00:00"}
