{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311533050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606","title":"A Novel Approach Based on Machine Learning and Public Engagement to Predict Water-Scarcity Risk in Urban Areas","display_name":"A Novel Approach Based on Machine Learning and Public Engagement to Predict Water-Scarcity Risk in Urban Areas","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311533050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/606/pdf?version=1670317572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/606/pdf?version=1670317572","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078130019","display_name":"Sadeq Khaleefah Hanoon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-5119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sadeq Khaleefah Hanoon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9463-5119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046180313","display_name":"Ahmad Fikri Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3589-1459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Fikri Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 70150, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Port Dickson 70150, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013014371","display_name":"Helmi Zulhaidi Mohd Shafri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-874X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helmi Z. M. Shafri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013096211","display_name":"Aimrun Wayayok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-8988"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimrun Wayayok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-8988","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078130019"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.359,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79909055,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"606","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10969","display_name":"Water resources management and optimization","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10930","display_name":"Flood Risk Assessment and Management","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6785231828689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6077659130096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5540539026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5401979088783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-scarcity","display_name":"Water scarcity","score":0.5007719993591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4859400987625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perceptron","display_name":"Perceptron","score":0.4510863423347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4267002046108246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4192482829093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3793579638004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.24120372533798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.23464325070381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture","display_name":"Agriculture","score":0.09558147192001343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6785231828689575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6077659130096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5540539026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5401979088783264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51193700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5376358","display_name":"Water scarcity","level":3,"score":0.5007719993591309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4859400987625122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4510863423347473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4267002046108246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4192482829093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3793579638004303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.24120372533798218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.23464325070381165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.09558147192001343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/606/pdf?version=1670317572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:54c3bcd23cdc4953a56ac0ea44e093fe","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/54c3bcd23cdc4953a56ac0ea44e093fe","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 606 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/12/606/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 12; Pages: 606","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120606","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/606/pdf?version=1670317572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311533050.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311533050.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1771523674","https://openalex.org/W1986149296","https://openalex.org/W1998414418","https://openalex.org/W1999206239","https://openalex.org/W2002900768","https://openalex.org/W2075133085","https://openalex.org/W2107726297","https://openalex.org/W2129886664","https://openalex.org/W2286725981","https://openalex.org/W2357724087","https://openalex.org/W2406027172","https://openalex.org/W2620461860","https://openalex.org/W2732934075","https://openalex.org/W2801629752","https://openalex.org/W2802500841","https://openalex.org/W2805328357","https://openalex.org/W2809628207","https://openalex.org/W2843380542","https://openalex.org/W2894980673","https://openalex.org/W2900552247","https://openalex.org/W2912862516","https://openalex.org/W2924575524","https://openalex.org/W2927539500","https://openalex.org/W2937516424","https://openalex.org/W2955226396","https://openalex.org/W2971706201","https://openalex.org/W2986784478","https://openalex.org/W2995347781","https://openalex.org/W2995864444","https://openalex.org/W3010596509","https://openalex.org/W3012276947","https://openalex.org/W3013057568","https://openalex.org/W3013104695","https://openalex.org/W3015671262","https://openalex.org/W3016204889","https://openalex.org/W3031889953","https://openalex.org/W3033842568","https://openalex.org/W3036804854","https://openalex.org/W3037532404","https://openalex.org/W3038414398","https://openalex.org/W3042024008","https://openalex.org/W3042832119","https://openalex.org/W3057569924","https://openalex.org/W3106860847","https://openalex.org/W3118982481","https://openalex.org/W3126984835","https://openalex.org/W3127392316","https://openalex.org/W3133747005","https://openalex.org/W3136993133","https://openalex.org/W3138822839","https://openalex.org/W3158243328","https://openalex.org/W3159545232","https://openalex.org/W3160100982","https://openalex.org/W3166181247","https://openalex.org/W3183594893","https://openalex.org/W3196962030","https://openalex.org/W3200900452","https://openalex.org/W3204828135","https://openalex.org/W3216433602","https://openalex.org/W4200172184","https://openalex.org/W4205194038","https://openalex.org/W4205403321","https://openalex.org/W4205951560","https://openalex.org/W4206241614","https://openalex.org/W4206268171","https://openalex.org/W4206901246","https://openalex.org/W4212771936","https://openalex.org/W4214913764","https://openalex.org/W4220974724","https://openalex.org/W4221091478","https://openalex.org/W4221093476","https://openalex.org/W4223923442","https://openalex.org/W4224315603","https://openalex.org/W4225571889","https://openalex.org/W4280641674","https://openalex.org/W4281635961","https://openalex.org/W4281681296","https://openalex.org/W4281719757","https://openalex.org/W4281724143","https://openalex.org/W4282567555","https://openalex.org/W4283652767","https://openalex.org/W4283706289","https://openalex.org/W4283721131","https://openalex.org/W4283731782","https://openalex.org/W4283812582","https://openalex.org/W4285498778","https://openalex.org/W4285727118","https://openalex.org/W4288040480","https://openalex.org/W4288040559","https://openalex.org/W4288045856","https://openalex.org/W4288695738","https://openalex.org/W4290065284","https://openalex.org/W4293030552","https://openalex.org/W4296105806","https://openalex.org/W4296526879","https://openalex.org/W4312251751","https://openalex.org/W6646686369","https://openalex.org/W6779885405","https://openalex.org/W6801070237","https://openalex.org/W6810301047"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076543106","https://openalex.org/W2523437662","https://openalex.org/W89844371","https://openalex.org/W2019891950","https://openalex.org/W2085842814","https://openalex.org/W4286643620","https://openalex.org/W4387048144","https://openalex.org/W4280611221","https://openalex.org/W2492135063","https://openalex.org/W2362514456"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Climate":[0],"change,":[1],"population":[2,35],"growth":[3],"and":[4,102,128,150],"urban":[5,42,83,273],"sprawl":[6],"have":[7],"put":[8],"a":[9,63,72,162],"strain":[10],"on":[11,67],"water":[12,22,51,84,159],"supplies":[13],"across":[14],"the":[15,33,40,82,104,145,191,194,201,206,220,223,228,232,239,243,249,255,257,261,268,277,281],"world,":[16],"making":[17],"it":[18],"difficult":[19],"to":[20,39,49,61,90,143,156,275],"meet":[21],"demand,":[23],"especially":[24],"in":[25,81,93,110,177,200,238,267],"city":[26],"regions":[27],"where":[28],"more":[29],"than":[30,219],"half":[31],"of":[32,114,193,208,222,231,246,272],"world\u2019s":[34],"now":[36],"reside.":[37],"Due":[38],"complex":[41],"fabric,":[43],"conventional":[44],"techniques":[45],"should":[46],"be":[47],"developed":[48],"diagnose":[50],"shortage":[52],"risk":[53],"(WSR)":[54,92],"by":[55,214],"engaging":[56],"crowdsourcing.":[57],"This":[58],"study":[59],"aims":[60],"develop":[62],"novel":[64,258],"approach":[65,87,259],"based":[66],"public":[68],"participation":[69],"(PP)":[70],"with":[71,77,168,254],"geographic":[73],"information":[74],"system":[75,152],"coupled":[76],"machine":[78,120],"learning":[79],"(ML)":[80],"domain.":[85],"The":[86,136,147,171],"was":[88,141,153,166,252],"used":[89,155,176],"detect":[91],"two":[94,202],"ways,":[95],"namely,":[96,117],"prediction":[97,195,244],"using":[98,103,184],"ML":[99,115],"models":[100,234],"directly":[101],"weighted":[105],"linear":[106],"combination":[107],"(WLC)":[108],"function":[109],"GIS.":[111],"Five":[112],"types":[113],"algorithm,":[116],"support":[118],"vector":[119],"(SVM),":[121],"multilayer":[122],"perceptron,":[123],"K-nearest":[124],"neighbour,":[125],"random":[126],"forest":[127],"na\u00efve":[129],"Bayes,":[130],"were":[131,175,212,236],"incorporated":[132],"for":[133],"this":[134,178],"purpose.":[135],"Shapley":[137],"additive":[138],"explanation":[139],"model":[140],"added":[142],"analyse":[144],"results.":[146],"Water":[148],"Evolution":[149],"Planning":[151],"also":[154],"predict":[157],"unmet":[158],"demand":[160],"as":[161],"relevant":[163,209],"criterion,":[164],"which":[165],"aggregated":[167],"other":[169,224],"criteria.":[170],"five":[172,233],"algorithms":[173],"that":[174,181,211,235],"work":[179],"indicated":[180],"diagnosing":[182],"WSR":[183],"PP":[185],"achieved":[186,197,216],"good-to-perfect":[187],"accuracy.":[188],"In":[189],"addition,":[190],"findings":[192],"process":[196],"high":[198],"accuracy":[199,218,245],"proposed":[203],"techniques.":[204],"However,":[205],"weights":[207,221,230],"criteria":[210],"extracted":[213],"SVM":[215],"higher":[217],"four":[225],"models.":[226],"Furthermore,":[227],"average":[229],"applied":[237],"WLC":[240],"technique":[241],"increased":[242],"WSR.":[247],"Although":[248],"uncertainty":[250],"ratio":[251],"associated":[253],"results,":[256],"interpreted":[260],"results":[262],"clearly,":[263],"supporting":[264],"decision":[265],"makers":[266],"proactive":[269],"exploration":[270],"processes":[271],"WSR,":[274],"choose":[276],"appropriate":[278],"alternatives":[279],"at":[280],"right":[282],"time.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}