{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310154945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598","title":"Geographic Named Entity Recognition by Employing Natural Language Processing and an Improved BERT Model","display_name":"Geographic Named Entity Recognition by Employing Natural Language Processing and an Improved BERT Model","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310154945","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/598/pdf?version=1669626036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/598/pdf?version=1669626036","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085461030","display_name":"Liufeng Tao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6145-5357"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liufeng Tao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100457293","display_name":"Zhong Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4669-5923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023797336","display_name":"Dexin Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dexin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Geomatics Institute, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014532726","display_name":"Kai Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5432-1166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161350542","display_name":"China Three Gorges University","ror":"https://ror.org/0419nfc77","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer and Information Technology, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161350542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063543521","display_name":"Qinjun Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9850-3751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qinjun Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Spatial Information Engineering, Beijing 100038, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Geo-Information Processing, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023354828","display_name":"Shengyong Pan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099912","display_name":"Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/016s74507","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyong Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Zondy Cyber Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Zondy Cyber Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101566619","display_name":"Bo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5476-620X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099912","display_name":"Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau","ror":"https://ror.org/016s74507","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Zondy Cyber Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Zondy Cyber Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099912"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063543521"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":22.6828,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99511288,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"12","first_page":"598","last_page":"598"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.983299970626831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11121","display_name":"Public Relations and Crisis Communication","score":0.9309999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9199000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.833432137966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","score":0.7003567218780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/referent","display_name":"Referent","score":0.695931077003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6526585817337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.595812976360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5728233456611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5410237908363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5245136022567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5053144097328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.46818411350250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entity-linking","display_name":"Entity linking","score":0.46722233295440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4641033411026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toponymy","display_name":"Toponymy","score":0.45875999331474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.44821375608444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.43005290627479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.15810614824295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.1301727592945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-base","display_name":"Knowledge base","score":0.09130698442459106}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.833432137966156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779135771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574","display_name":"Named-entity recognition","level":3,"score":0.7003567218780518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777096784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3826351","display_name":"Referent","level":2,"score":0.695931077003479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6526585817337036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.595812976360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5728233456611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5410237908363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5245136022567749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5053144097328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.46818411350250244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96711827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17012245","display_name":"Entity linking","level":3,"score":0.46722233295440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4641033411026001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116856471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485762","display_name":"Toponymy","level":2,"score":0.45875999331474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.44821375608444214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.43005290627479553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.15810614824295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.1301727592945099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.09130698442459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/598/pdf?version=1669626036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a2cc9de7da8b46a78e4186da90812189","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a2cc9de7da8b46a78e4186da90812189","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 12, p 598 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/12/598/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 12; Pages: 598","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11120598","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11120598","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/12/598/pdf?version=1669626036","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G761783370","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M702991","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G989809018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42050101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310154945.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310154945.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69371142","https://openalex.org/W1646278814","https://openalex.org/W1934362406","https://openalex.org/W1980804566","https://openalex.org/W1991352422","https://openalex.org/W1997413723","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2076677427","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2296194829","https://openalex.org/W2593537191","https://openalex.org/W2751985240","https://openalex.org/W2755604076","https://openalex.org/W2760505947","https://openalex.org/W2765285316","https://openalex.org/W2790313525","https://openalex.org/W2797784614","https://openalex.org/W2808008092","https://openalex.org/W2892118517","https://openalex.org/W2912217870","https://openalex.org/W2944729560","https://openalex.org/W2953607247","https://openalex.org/W2953660951","https://openalex.org/W2968187429","https://openalex.org/W2979524927","https://openalex.org/W3024097351","https://openalex.org/W3097546265","https://openalex.org/W3104532573","https://openalex.org/W3105108777","https://openalex.org/W3201319578","https://openalex.org/W4200308405","https://openalex.org/W4206716393","https://openalex.org/W4210615390","https://openalex.org/W4211026163","https://openalex.org/W4212903126","https://openalex.org/W4213249986","https://openalex.org/W4292083459"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2186562580","https://openalex.org/W3198729192","https://openalex.org/W3000685722","https://openalex.org/W4255258373","https://openalex.org/W2593907245","https://openalex.org/W2520117834","https://openalex.org/W2883921205","https://openalex.org/W2530283981","https://openalex.org/W4300474194","https://openalex.org/W2792659145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Toponym":[0],"recognition,":[1],"or":[2],"the":[3,58,127,134,144,168,180],"challenge":[4],"of":[5,19,106,129,133,136,147,154,170],"detecting":[6],"place":[7],"names":[8],"that":[9,92,174],"have":[10,143],"a":[11,17,81,88,104,109,130],"similar":[12],"referent,":[13],"is":[14,55],"involved":[15],"in":[16,63,99,121],"number":[18,105],"activities":[20],"connected":[21],"to":[22,50,108,116],"geographical":[23,27],"information":[24,28],"retrieval":[25],"and":[26,74,163],"sciences.":[29],"This":[30],"research":[31],"focuses":[32],"on":[33,87,179],"recognizing":[34],"Chinese":[35,82],"toponyms":[36],"from":[37],"social":[38,64,122],"media":[39,65,123],"communications.":[40],"While":[41],"broad":[42],"named":[43],"entity":[44],"recognition":[45],"methods":[46],"are":[47],"frequently":[48],"used":[49],"locate":[51],"places,":[52],"their":[53],"accuracy":[54],"hampered":[56],"by":[57],"many":[59],"linguistic":[60,97],"abnormalities":[61],"seen":[62],"posts,":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68],"informal":[69],"sentence":[70],"constructions,":[71],"name":[72],"abbreviations,":[73],"misspellings.":[75],"In":[76],"this":[77],"study,":[78],"we":[79],"describe":[80],"toponym":[83],"identification":[84],"model":[85,115],"based":[86],"hybrid":[89],"neural":[90,113],"network":[91,114],"was":[93],"created":[94],"with":[95,118,157],"these":[96],"inconsistencies":[98],"mind.":[100],"Our":[101],"method":[102],"adds":[103],"improvements":[107],"standard":[110],"bidirectional":[111],"recurrent":[112],"help":[117],"location":[119],"detection":[120],"messages.":[124],"We":[125],"demonstrate":[126],"results":[128,178],"wide-ranging":[131],"evaluation":[132],"performance":[135,169],"different":[137],"supervised":[138,171],"machine":[139,172],"learning":[140,173],"methods,":[141],"which":[142],"natural":[145],"advantage":[146],"avoiding":[148],"human":[149],"design":[150],"features.":[151],"A":[152],"set":[153],"controlled":[155],"experiments":[156],"four":[158],"test":[159],"datasets":[160],"(one":[161],"constructed":[162],"three":[164],"public":[165],"datasets)":[166],"demonstrates":[167],"can":[175],"achieve":[176],"good":[177],"task,":[181],"significantly":[182],"outperforming":[183],"seven":[184],"baseline":[185],"models.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}