{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4299603287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454","title":"Discovering Spatio-Temporal Co-Occurrence Patterns of Crimes with Uncertain Occurrence Time","display_name":"Discovering Spatio-Temporal Co-Occurrence Patterns of Crimes with Uncertain Occurrence Time","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4299603287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/454/pdf?version=1661160402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/454/pdf?version=1661160402","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107941676","display_name":"Yuanfang Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanfang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050709106","display_name":"Jiannan Cai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4752-0153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiannan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Space and Earth Information Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101738456","display_name":"Min Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3305-9757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050709106"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.7916,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80232952,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"454","last_page":"454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11819","display_name":"Data-Driven Disease Surveillance","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9800999760627747,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6936904191970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.6103200912475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5647788643836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-database","display_name":"Temporal database","score":0.5360944867134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5278615355491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/independent-and-identically-distributed-random-variables","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","score":0.4697354733943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.45451661944389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4251418113708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3496461510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29475194215774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.28828978538513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2795560359954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-variable","display_name":"Random variable","score":0.19161555171012878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6936904191970825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.6103200912475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5647788643836975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77277458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969246","display_name":"Temporal database","level":2,"score":0.5360944867134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5278615355491638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141513077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378542","display_name":"Independent and identically distributed random variables","level":3,"score":0.4697354733943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.45451661944389343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4251418113708496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3496461510658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29475194215774536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.28828978538513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2795560359954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.19161555171012878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/454/pdf?version=1661160402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4214999e72fe484494938e2a61afd561","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4214999e72fe484494938e2a61afd561","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 454 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/8/454/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 8; Pages: 454","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080454","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080454","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/454/pdf?version=1661160402","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.699999988079071,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2082826544","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Postdoctoral","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2376276132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2684444879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PDFS2223-4H01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4510227090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41730105","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5939423041","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Technology","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6726998755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019RS3004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7033253288","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grants","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7608752429","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Talent","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7632289701","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020zzts170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G766296905","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41901319","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7790759924","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42171459","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8027698076","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020zzts170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8478882202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8919627327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020zzts","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","funder_display_name":"Central South University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8951484681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321514","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335880","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of the Central South University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299603287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4299603287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W103225944","https://openalex.org/W1233949906","https://openalex.org/W1484413656","https://openalex.org/W1515526911","https://openalex.org/W1519327417","https://openalex.org/W1524077746","https://openalex.org/W1850843018","https://openalex.org/W1870669718","https://openalex.org/W1973749534","https://openalex.org/W2016966554","https://openalex.org/W2018040777","https://openalex.org/W2049759692","https://openalex.org/W2052793325","https://openalex.org/W2091287849","https://openalex.org/W2091593133","https://openalex.org/W2098675459","https://openalex.org/W2106582507","https://openalex.org/W2107990165","https://openalex.org/W2130728355","https://openalex.org/W2136171062","https://openalex.org/W2153218475","https://openalex.org/W2154368191","https://openalex.org/W2156930951","https://openalex.org/W2171660758","https://openalex.org/W2183631092","https://openalex.org/W2189821821","https://openalex.org/W2285406940","https://openalex.org/W2297609079","https://openalex.org/W2351097151","https://openalex.org/W2355665077","https://openalex.org/W2514945220","https://openalex.org/W2579032434","https://openalex.org/W2600829501","https://openalex.org/W2606208155","https://openalex.org/W2626996263","https://openalex.org/W2765133097","https://openalex.org/W2801292233","https://openalex.org/W2913023635","https://openalex.org/W2942826103","https://openalex.org/W3005281236","https://openalex.org/W3032147880","https://openalex.org/W3035597036","https://openalex.org/W3101966361","https://openalex.org/W3200534010","https://openalex.org/W3201148512","https://openalex.org/W4249855545","https://openalex.org/W6628750762","https://openalex.org/W6987320660"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390241083","https://openalex.org/W4245457074","https://openalex.org/W3004218185","https://openalex.org/W2347733609","https://openalex.org/W184958470","https://openalex.org/W1717256175","https://openalex.org/W2912990606","https://openalex.org/W2323735050","https://openalex.org/W2335738591","https://openalex.org/W2187758569"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"discovery":[1,114],"of":[2,10,27,42,53,67,122,167,189],"spatio-temporal":[3,55,138],"co-occurrence":[4],"patterns":[5],"(STCPs)":[6],"among":[7],"multiple":[8],"types":[9,166],"crimes":[11,168,190],"whose":[12],"events":[13,68,124],"frequently":[14],"co-occur":[15],"in":[16,50,175],"neighboring":[17],"space":[18],"and":[19,58,72,76,149,191],"time":[20,34,46,98,188],"is":[21,35],"crucial":[22],"to":[23,39,81,103],"the":[24,30,51,54,65,70,83,117,133,137,145,150,156,179,186],"joint":[25],"prevention":[26],"crimes.":[28],"However,":[29],"crime":[31,123],"event":[32],"occurrence":[33,45,97,127,187],"often":[36],"uncertain":[37,86,126],"due":[38],"a":[40,89,94,111],"lack":[41],"witnesses.":[43],"This":[44],"uncertainty":[47,52,66,99],"further":[48],"results":[49],"neighborhood":[56,139],"relationships":[57,140],"STCPs.":[59],"Existing":[60],"methods":[61],"have":[62],"mostly":[63],"modeled":[64],"under":[69],"independent":[71],"identically":[73],"distributed":[74],"assumption":[75],"utilized":[77],"one-sided":[78],"distance":[79,84,148],"information":[80],"measure":[82],"between":[85],"events.":[87],"As":[88],"result,":[90],"STCPs":[91],"detected":[92],"from":[93,169],"dataset":[95],"with":[96,125],"(USTCPs)":[100],"are":[101,129,141,159],"likely":[102],"be":[104],"erroneously":[105],"assessed.":[106],"Therefore,":[107],"this":[108],"paper":[109],"proposes":[110],"probabilistic-distance-based":[112],"USTCP":[113],"method.":[115],"First,":[116],"temporal":[118,134,152],"probability":[119],"density":[120],"functions":[121],"times":[128],"estimated":[130],"by":[131],"considering":[132],"dependence.":[135],"Second,":[136],"constructed":[142],"based":[143],"on":[144,164],"spatial":[146],"Euclidean":[147],"proposed":[151,180],"probabilistic":[153],"distance.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"prevalent":[157],"USTCPs":[158],"identified.":[160],"Experimental":[161],"comparisons":[162],"performed":[163],"twelve":[165],"X":[170],"City":[171],"Public":[172],"Security":[173],"Bureau":[174],"China":[176],"demonstrate":[177],"that":[178],"method":[181],"can":[182],"more":[183,192],"objectively":[184],"express":[185],"reliably":[193],"identify":[194],"USTCPs.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2022-10-02T00:00:00"}
