{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288040480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424","title":"Object-Based Automatic Mapping of Winter Wheat Based on Temporal Phenology Patterns Derived from Multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery","display_name":"Object-Based Automatic Mapping of Winter Wheat Based on Temporal Phenology Patterns Derived from Multitemporal Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 Imagery","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288040480","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/424/pdf?version=1659586351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/424/pdf?version=1659586351","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064385937","display_name":"Limei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-3514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Limei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9312-3514","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005825479","display_name":"Guowang Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6626-8101"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guowang Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085036181","display_name":"Xin Xiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4511-4207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100749831","display_name":"Hongmin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4921-124X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongmin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021947042","display_name":"Ke Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1694-1203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169689159","display_name":"PLA Information Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/00mm1qk40","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Geospatial Information, Information Engineering University, Zhengzhou 450001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005825479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169689159"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.4707,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81344313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"8","first_page":"424","last_page":"424"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.7062745094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.6597920656204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5505771636962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5199269652366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5195667743682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalized-difference-vegetation-index","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","score":0.48956498503685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.4862195551395416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4858565032482147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohens-kappa","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","score":0.47302818298339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/winter-wheat","display_name":"Winter wheat","score":0.46449947357177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4359681308269501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4311544597148895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30862492322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.22738391160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.21487319469451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2000443935394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1373099982738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.08347991108894348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.7062745094299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.6597920656204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5505771636962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5199269652366638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5195667743682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1549246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718775","display_name":"Normalized Difference Vegetation Index","level":3,"score":0.48956498503685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.4862195551395416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4858565032482147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.47302818298339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018661444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6977574","display_name":"Winter wheat","level":2,"score":0.46449947357177734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4359681308269501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4311544597148895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30862492322921753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.22738391160964966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.21487319469451904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2000443935394287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1373099982738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.08347991108894348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/424/pdf?version=1659586351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b13a2a72f5224638979ba72c6d74a473","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b13a2a72f5224638979ba72c6d74a473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 8, p 424 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/8/424/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 8; Pages: 424","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11080424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11080424","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/8/424/pdf?version=1659586351","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.41999998688697815,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288040480.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W48719006","https://openalex.org/W239666967","https://openalex.org/W600580655","https://openalex.org/W1974097917","https://openalex.org/W1980102245","https://openalex.org/W2052040810","https://openalex.org/W2057425761","https://openalex.org/W2068094410","https://openalex.org/W2078587853","https://openalex.org/W2093515772","https://openalex.org/W2119128301","https://openalex.org/W2161567984","https://openalex.org/W2434885283","https://openalex.org/W2438450043","https://openalex.org/W2585654016","https://openalex.org/W2612271937","https://openalex.org/W2754274618","https://openalex.org/W2800555409","https://openalex.org/W2889983979","https://openalex.org/W2906106297","https://openalex.org/W2906799152","https://openalex.org/W2973426077","https://openalex.org/W2988337920","https://openalex.org/W2988656079","https://openalex.org/W2999943500","https://openalex.org/W3028640492","https://openalex.org/W3029149175","https://openalex.org/W3033737563","https://openalex.org/W3035585878","https://openalex.org/W3082213059","https://openalex.org/W3088162569","https://openalex.org/W3097950130","https://openalex.org/W3127060672","https://openalex.org/W3133736763","https://openalex.org/W3137356499","https://openalex.org/W3163231391","https://openalex.org/W3167864888","https://openalex.org/W3185487988","https://openalex.org/W3197702083","https://openalex.org/W3202642024","https://openalex.org/W3210159389","https://openalex.org/W4205970347","https://openalex.org/W6678107761","https://openalex.org/W6683895814","https://openalex.org/W6718345901","https://openalex.org/W6790898370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3207046288","https://openalex.org/W3023446922","https://openalex.org/W4324030030","https://openalex.org/W4392566681","https://openalex.org/W1980260791","https://openalex.org/W4385533602","https://openalex.org/W3189212133","https://openalex.org/W4382239404","https://openalex.org/W2053086167","https://openalex.org/W4396655325"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"winter":[1,43,61,111,165,192,209,254,296,323],"wheat":[2,44,62,112,166,210,255,297,324],"has":[3],"been":[4],"mapped":[5],"by":[6,176],"remote":[7],"sensing":[8],"in":[9,208],"several":[10],"studies,":[11],"such":[12],"mapping":[13,325],"efforts":[14],"did":[15],"not":[16],"sufficiently":[17],"utilize":[18],"contextual":[19],"information":[20],"to":[21,59,87,91,157,195,204,242],"reduce":[22],"the":[23,37,79,105,128,150,159,172,177,188,199,215,245,259,263,267,289,293,313,317],"noise":[24],"and":[25,32,67,74,101,113,123,133,144,149,224,235,270,273,278,282,303,307,329],"still":[26],"depended":[27],"heavily":[28],"on":[29,42,127,187],"optical":[30,328],"imagery":[31,125],"exhausting":[33],"classification":[34],"approaches.":[35],"Furthermore,":[36],"influence":[38],"of":[39,99,110,141,191,280,305,316],"similarity":[40,160],"measures":[41,137,185,207],"identification":[45],"remains":[46],"unclear.":[47],"To":[48],"overcome":[49],"these":[50],"limitations,":[51],"this":[52],"study":[53],"developed":[54],"an":[55,275,300],"object-based":[56,319],"automatic":[57,322],"approach":[58,320],"map":[60],"using":[63],"multitemporal":[64],"Sentinel-1":[65],"(S1)":[66],"Sentinel-2":[68],"(S2)":[69],"imagery.":[70,334],"First,":[71],"after":[72],"S1":[73,100,122],"S2":[75,102,124],"images":[76],"were":[77,118,155,168],"preprocessed,":[78],"Simple":[80],"Non-Iterative":[81],"Clustering":[82],"(SNIC)":[83],"algorithm":[84],"was":[85,202],"used":[86],"conduct":[88],"image":[89],"segmentation":[90],"obtain":[92],"homogeneous":[93],"spatial":[94,174,226],"objects":[95,167,175],"with":[96,183,262,288,299],"a":[97,139],"fusion":[98],"bands.":[103],"Second,":[104],"temporal":[106],"phenology":[107],"patterns":[108],"(TPP)":[109],"other":[114,205],"typical":[115],"land":[116],"covers":[117],"derived":[119,257],"from":[120,171,258],"object-level":[121],"based":[126,186],"collected":[129],"ground":[130,196],"truth":[131,197],"samples,":[132],"two":[134,162],"improved":[135],"distance":[136,143,153,184,206],"(i.e.,":[138,232],"composite":[140],"Euclidean":[142],"Spectral":[145],"Angle":[146],"Distance,":[147],"(ESD)":[148],"difference\u2013similarity":[151],"factor":[152],"(DSF))":[154],"built":[156],"evaluate":[158],"between":[161],"TPPs.":[163],"Third,":[164],"automatically":[169],"identified":[170],"segmented":[173],"maximum":[178],"between-class":[179],"variance":[180],"method":[181],"(OTSU)":[182],"unique":[189],"TPP":[190],"wheat.":[193],"According":[194],"data,":[198],"DSF":[200,264,290],"measure":[201,265,291],"superior":[203],"mapping,":[211],"since":[212],"it":[213,238],"achieved":[214,266],"best":[216,220,246,268,295],"overall":[217],"accuracy":[218,269],"(OA),":[219],"kappa":[221],"coefficient":[222],"(Kappa)":[223],"more":[225,271],"details":[227],"for":[228,244,321,326],"each":[229],"feasible":[230],"band":[231,261],"NDVI,":[233],"VV,":[234],"VH/VV),":[236],"or":[237],"obtained":[239],"results":[240,311],"comparable":[241],"those":[243],"one":[247],"(e.g.,":[248],"NDVI":[249,260],"+":[250],"VV).":[251],"The":[252,285,310],"resultant":[253],"maps":[256,298],"details,":[272],"had":[274],"average":[276,301],"OA":[277,302],"Kappa":[279,304],"92%":[281],"84%,":[283],"respectively.":[284,309],"VV":[286],"polarization":[287],"produced":[292],"second":[294],"91%":[306],"80%,":[308],"indicate":[312],"great":[314],"potential":[315],"proposed":[318],"both":[327],"Synthetic":[330],"Aperture":[331],"Radar":[332],"(SAR)":[333]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}