{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285496094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396","title":"Identification of Metropolitan Area Boundaries Based on Comprehensive Spatial Linkages of Cities: A Case Study of the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region","display_name":"Identification of Metropolitan Area Boundaries Based on Comprehensive Spatial Linkages of Cities: A Case Study of the Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei Region","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285496094","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11070396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/396/pdf?version=1657707121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/396/pdf?version=1657707121","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038346437","display_name":"Xiaoyuan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyuan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446127","display_name":"Hao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4426-1427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, MNR, Beijing 100048, China","School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, MNR, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102344897","display_name":"Xiaogang Ning","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaogang Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419451","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6041-8224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I176808543","display_name":"Liaoning Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01n2bd587","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6041-8224","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I176808543"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101515752","display_name":"Ruowen Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruowen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2724-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024442284","display_name":"Huibing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6591-9304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114963","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping","ror":"https://ror.org/02j693n47","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huibing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, MNR, Beijing 100048, China","School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Surveying & Mapping, Beijing 100036, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, MNR, Beijing 100048, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Geomatics and Spatial Information, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100446127"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114963","https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"apc_paid":{"value":1700,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1893},"fwci":1.1766,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75901314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"7","first_page":"396","last_page":"396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10226","display_name":"Land Use and Ecosystem Services","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12644","display_name":"Wildlife-Road Interactions and Conservation","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metropolitan-area","display_name":"Metropolitan area","score":0.9748457670211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beijing","display_name":"Beijing","score":0.6890177726745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-science","display_name":"Regional science","score":0.6045915484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.5871320962905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.5627326965332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkage","display_name":"Linkage (software)","score":0.5020005702972412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-area","display_name":"Urban area","score":0.41766437888145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.3727705180644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.36388903856277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.34243646264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.13339591026306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11434301733970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economy","display_name":"Economy","score":0.07128024101257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0707070529460907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.9748457670211792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778304055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q657474","display_name":"Beijing","level":3,"score":0.6890177726745605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.6045915484428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.5871320962905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5627326965332031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31266012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554340","display_name":"Linkage (software)","level":3,"score":0.5020005702972412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778368647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q702492","display_name":"Urban area","level":2,"score":0.41766437888145447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.3727705180644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.36388903856277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.34243646264076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.13339591026306152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11434301733970642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.07128024101257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0707070529460907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11070396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/396/pdf?version=1657707121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b5984a6e06f7424db6bdb736b0b5caa1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b5984a6e06f7424db6bdb736b0b5caa1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 7, p 396 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/7/396/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 7; Pages: 396","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11070396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11070396","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/7/396/pdf?version=1657707121","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4285496094.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W776492858","https://openalex.org/W1553161275","https://openalex.org/W1724588956","https://openalex.org/W1886448857","https://openalex.org/W1971421925","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1979822310","https://openalex.org/W2001319274","https://openalex.org/W2006242968","https://openalex.org/W2006296944","https://openalex.org/W2006573509","https://openalex.org/W2009776923","https://openalex.org/W2023655578","https://openalex.org/W2039350330","https://openalex.org/W2055080045","https://openalex.org/W2056944867","https://openalex.org/W2061308627","https://openalex.org/W2091545482","https://openalex.org/W2103994059","https://openalex.org/W2116556079","https://openalex.org/W2118707522","https://openalex.org/W2147255414","https://openalex.org/W2164998314","https://openalex.org/W2200192134","https://openalex.org/W2235931682","https://openalex.org/W2315875670","https://openalex.org/W2318951588","https://openalex.org/W2333026838","https://openalex.org/W2351387880","https://openalex.org/W2351756416","https://openalex.org/W2359177395","https://openalex.org/W2519541699","https://openalex.org/W2566238568","https://openalex.org/W2585187023","https://openalex.org/W2738463500","https://openalex.org/W2788017688","https://openalex.org/W2794396578","https://openalex.org/W2887736510","https://openalex.org/W2887786607","https://openalex.org/W2890460781","https://openalex.org/W2900371128","https://openalex.org/W2905747833","https://openalex.org/W2942269827","https://openalex.org/W2952431794","https://openalex.org/W2966246708","https://openalex.org/W2972422909","https://openalex.org/W2983446763","https://openalex.org/W2991894260","https://openalex.org/W2998582428","https://openalex.org/W3005750056","https://openalex.org/W3006588357","https://openalex.org/W3020852393","https://openalex.org/W3025197375","https://openalex.org/W3096846826","https://openalex.org/W3129834095","https://openalex.org/W3135054660","https://openalex.org/W3137422511","https://openalex.org/W3156413708","https://openalex.org/W3161586689","https://openalex.org/W3169262344","https://openalex.org/W3172311027","https://openalex.org/W3173254974","https://openalex.org/W3175825530","https://openalex.org/W3176797666","https://openalex.org/W3200713862","https://openalex.org/W4234989302","https://openalex.org/W4248111217","https://openalex.org/W6633093249","https://openalex.org/W6699807324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015747722","https://openalex.org/W2362050182","https://openalex.org/W2382418233","https://openalex.org/W2369897927","https://openalex.org/W3031731056","https://openalex.org/W4293167957","https://openalex.org/W2361035307","https://openalex.org/W2380455807","https://openalex.org/W2977306327","https://openalex.org/W2470541821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,25,62,75,97,120,190],"regional":[2,40,267],"management":[3],"unit":[4],"to":[5,17,78,95,110,177],"solve":[6],"\"urban":[7],"diseases,\u201d":[8],"metropolitan":[9,26,49,79,112,136,147,173,187,193,198,215,258],"areas":[10,137,174,199],"are":[11],"gradually":[12],"attracting":[13],"widespread":[14],"attention.":[15],"How":[16],"objectively":[18],"and":[19,37,61,105,150,209,245,253,270],"accurately":[20,248],"delineate":[21,111],"the":[22,29,44,70,116,124,132,141,157,185,196,202,221,229,235,239,250],"boundaries":[23,51],"of":[24,65,101,146,156,205,224,242,257],"area":[27,50,80,113,188],"is":[28,163],"primary":[30],"prerequisite":[31],"for":[32,47,231,266],"carrying":[33],"out":[34],"targeted":[35],"studies":[36],"precisely":[38],"formulating":[39],"planning":[41,272],"measures.":[42],"However,":[43],"existing":[45],"methods":[46],"delineating":[48],"have":[52,178],"problems,":[53,72],"such":[54],"as":[55,119,228],"high":[56],"data":[57,94],"acquisition":[58],"costs,":[59],"subjectivity,":[60],"single":[63],"perspective":[64],"urban":[66,85,102],"linkage.":[67],"To":[68],"address":[69],"above":[71],"we":[73],"propose":[74],"\u201cbottom-up\u201d":[76],"approach":[77],"boundary":[81,232,243,268],"delineation":[82,158,269],"based":[83],"on":[84],"comprehensive":[86],"spatial":[87,103,226,255,271],"linkages.":[88],"We":[89],"used":[90],"only":[91,184],"publicly":[92],"available":[93],"construct":[96],"directionally":[98],"weighted":[99],"network":[100],"linkages,":[104],"applied":[106],"community":[107],"detection":[108],"algorithms":[109],"boundaries.":[114],"Taking":[115],"Beijing\u2013Tianjin\u2013Hebei":[117],"region":[118],"case":[121],"study":[122],"area,":[123,194],"method\u2019s":[125],"validity":[126],"was":[127],"confirmed.":[128],"The":[129,153],"results":[130,159],"showed":[131],"following:":[133],"(1)":[134],"Eight":[135],"were":[138,175],"delineated":[139],"within":[140],"region,":[142],"with":[143,166,183,207],"two":[144],"types":[145],"areas:":[148],"\u201cInter-municipal\u201d":[149],"\u201csingle-city\u201d.":[151],"(2)":[152],"overall":[154],"accuracy":[155],"reached":[160],"83.41%,":[161],"which":[162],"highly":[164],"consistent":[165],"their":[167],"corresponding":[168],"isochrone":[169],"maps.":[170],"(3)":[171],"Most":[172],"observed":[176],"an":[179],"obvious":[180],"\u201ccentral\u2013peripheral\u201d":[181],"structure,":[182],"JingJinLang":[186],"being":[189],"polycentric":[191],"mature":[192],"whereas":[195],"other":[197],"remained":[200],"in":[201],"initial":[203],"stage":[204,252],"development,":[206],"Zhangjiakou":[208],"Chengde":[210],"not":[211],"yet":[212],"having":[213],"formed":[214],"areas.":[216,259],"This":[217],"study\u2019s":[218],"methodology":[219],"highlights":[220],"basic":[222],"criteria":[223],"\u201cinter-city":[225],"linkage\u201d":[227],"foundation":[230],"delineation,":[233],"avoiding":[234],"inaccuracy":[236],"caused":[237],"by":[238],"subjective":[240],"selection":[241],"thresholds,":[244],"can":[246,262],"also":[247],"determine":[249],"developmental":[251],"internal":[254],"structure":[256],"Our":[260],"method":[261],"provide":[263],"new":[264],"perspectives":[265],"policy":[273],"formulation.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
