{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200332907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001","title":"Image-Based Angular Distortion Metric of Map Projections by Using Surface Fitting for Noise Reduction","display_name":"Image-Based Angular Distortion Metric of Map Projections by Using Surface Fitting for Noise Reduction","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200332907","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/1/1/pdf?version=1640340228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/1/1/pdf?version=1640340228","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042119988","display_name":"Jin Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-6407"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90259746","display_name":"Capital University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5sf951","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management and Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-6407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029907629","display_name":"Tiansheng Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90259746","display_name":"Capital University of Economics and Business","ror":"https://ror.org/01r5sf951","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tiansheng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Management and Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing 100070, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90259746"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100646549","display_name":"Ni Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7371-4851"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087587226","display_name":"Guanghong Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-9231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Guanghong Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087587226"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.9993,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88740314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13854","display_name":"Historical Geography and Cartography","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11405","display_name":"Geophysics and Gravity Measurements","score":0.9677000045776367,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9460999965667725,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distortion","display_name":"Distortion (music)","score":0.6817176342010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6206986308097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.5657687783241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5350592732429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projector","display_name":"Projector","score":0.5307075381278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.516667366027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.49584731459617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4780310094356537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4709288477897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.43558967113494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.42615461349487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-map","display_name":"Linear map","score":0.41497617959976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39149364829063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.35620254278182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.12785020470619202}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.6817176342010498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6206986308097839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5657687783241272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5350592732429504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776865275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311666","display_name":"Projector","level":2,"score":0.5307075381278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.516667366027832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.49584731459617615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4780310094356537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4709288477897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.43558967113494873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.42615461349487305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49766605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207643","display_name":"Linear map","level":2,"score":0.41497617959976196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39149364829063416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.35620254278182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.12785020470619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194257627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211554","display_name":"Amplifier","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/1/1/pdf?version=1640340228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a24c75326b4e41ab948f8fd03b43f0ec","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a24c75326b4e41ab948f8fd03b43f0ec","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 1 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/11/1/1/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 11; Issue 1; Pages: 1","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi11010001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi11010001","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/11/1/1/pdf?version=1640340228","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1458686659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61773032","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3445945139","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19BXW120","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","funder_display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335869","display_name":"National Social Science Fund of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200332907.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200332907.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W193991822","https://openalex.org/W583428837","https://openalex.org/W1483854707","https://openalex.org/W1979045000","https://openalex.org/W1986597973","https://openalex.org/W2067132795","https://openalex.org/W2086873754","https://openalex.org/W2120575449","https://openalex.org/W2175417568","https://openalex.org/W2237155658","https://openalex.org/W2604425115","https://openalex.org/W2901867598","https://openalex.org/W2907782075","https://openalex.org/W2947821590","https://openalex.org/W2954858787","https://openalex.org/W2979823617","https://openalex.org/W2983161013","https://openalex.org/W3008165271","https://openalex.org/W3036284407","https://openalex.org/W3167557342","https://openalex.org/W3202732010","https://openalex.org/W4250215637","https://openalex.org/W6672131181","https://openalex.org/W6682963754","https://openalex.org/W6891425080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366989203","https://openalex.org/W2013995543","https://openalex.org/W2800812882","https://openalex.org/W2547954852","https://openalex.org/W3198360760","https://openalex.org/W2388454722","https://openalex.org/W2373608992","https://openalex.org/W2918931022","https://openalex.org/W2519645468","https://openalex.org/W2346651169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Measuring,":[0],"analyzing,":[1],"reducing,":[2],"and":[3,121,148,181,188],"optimizing":[4],"distortions":[5],"in":[6,11,88,99,116,132],"map":[7,71,86,171,198],"projections":[8,87],"is":[9],"important":[10],"cartography.":[12],"In":[13,154],"this":[14],"study,":[15],"we":[16,111],"introduced":[17,112],"a":[18],"novel":[19],"image-based":[20,102,146,179],"angular":[21,60,195],"distortion":[22,61,196],"metric":[23,147],"based":[24,127],"on":[25,80,128],"the":[26,58,67,81,85,100,109,133,144,149,155,157,163,177,191,194],"previous":[27],"spherical":[28],"great":[29],"circle":[30],"arcs-based":[31],"metric.":[32,62,91],"Images":[33],"with":[34,50],"predefined":[35],"patterns":[36,52],"were":[37,53,94,140],"used":[38],"to":[39,56,142],"generate":[40],"distorted":[41,48],"images":[42,49],"using":[43],"mapping":[44,64,164],"software.":[45],"The":[46,63],"generated":[47],"known":[51],"then":[54],"exploited":[55],"calculate":[57],"proposed":[59,90,145,178],"software":[65,165],"performed":[66],"underlying":[68],"transformation":[69],"of":[70,84,124,135,193,197],"projections.":[72,172,199],"Therefore,":[73],"there":[74,93],"was":[75,160],"no":[76],"direct":[77],"explicit":[78],"dependence":[79],"forward":[82],"equations":[83,126],"our":[89,117],"However,":[92],"fairly":[95],"large":[96],"computation":[97],"errors":[98],"ordinary":[101],"approach":[103,180],"without":[104],"special":[105],"correction.":[106],"To":[107],"reduce":[108],"error,":[110],"surface-fitting-based":[113],"noise":[114,136,151,184],"reduction":[115,152,185],"approach.":[118,153],"We":[119],"established":[120],"solved":[122],"systems":[123],"linear":[125],"bivariate":[129],"polynomial":[130],"functions":[131],"process":[134],"reduction.":[137],"Sufficient":[138],"experiments":[139],"made":[141],"validate":[143],"accompanying":[150],"experiment,":[156],"NASA":[158],"G.Projector":[159],"employed":[161],"as":[162],"for":[166,190],"evaluating":[167],"more":[168],"than":[169],"200":[170],"Experimental":[173],"results":[174],"demonstrated":[175],"that":[176],"surface":[182],"fitting-based":[183],"are":[186],"feasible":[187],"practical":[189],"evaluation":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}