{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3215933786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","title":"A Hierarchical Spatial Network Index for Arbitrarily Distributed Spatial Objects","display_name":"A Hierarchical Spatial Network Index for Arbitrarily Distributed Spatial Objects","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3215933786","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","mag":"3215933786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10120814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/12/814/pdf?version=1638446248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/12/814/pdf?version=1638446248","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077330412","display_name":"Xiangqiang Min","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangqiang Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","Key Laboratory of the Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education of PRC, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of the Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education of PRC, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001448076","display_name":"Dieter Pfoser","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9197-0069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dieter Pfoser","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017299501","display_name":"Andreas Z\u00fcfle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-4123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Z\u00fcfle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061584168","display_name":"Yehua Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-5208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152031979","display_name":"Nanjing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/036trcv74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yehua Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","Key Laboratory of the Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education of PRC, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657","https://openalex.org/I152031979"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of the Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education of PRC, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061584168"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":0.6094,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67971602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"814","last_page":"814"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10080","display_name":"Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7577966451644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-network","display_name":"Spatial network","score":0.7099691033363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.6914190053939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-database","display_name":"Spatial database","score":0.651772677898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-query","display_name":"Spatial query","score":0.6339120864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.6187615394592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range-query","display_name":"Range query (database)","score":0.5894816517829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.5332821011543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4836369752883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4551423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/query-optimization","display_name":"Query optimization","score":0.41975805163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sargable","display_name":"Sargable","score":0.22558602690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.1772346794605255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14893189072608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13984104990959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.1244974434375763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08205586671829224}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7577966451644897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53471067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574076","display_name":"Spatial network","level":2,"score":0.7099691033363342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.6914190053939819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203689450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial database","level":3,"score":0.651772677898407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172722865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302053","display_name":"Spatial query","level":5,"score":0.6339120864868164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6187615394592285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136736807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818943","display_name":"Range query (database)","level":5,"score":0.5894816517829895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.5332821011543274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4836369752883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4551423192024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157692150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2919848","display_name":"Query optimization","level":2,"score":0.41975805163383484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192939062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104840822","display_name":"Sargable","level":4,"score":0.22558602690696716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.1772346794605255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14893189072608948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13984104990959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.1244974434375763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08205586671829224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10120814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/12/814/pdf?version=1638446248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:365852336a0742c7be8d4624a865f209","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/365852336a0742c7be8d4624a865f209","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 12, p 814 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/12/814/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 12; Pages: 814","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10120814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120814","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/12/814/pdf?version=1638446248","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215933786.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3215933786.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1905489744","https://openalex.org/W1956693573","https://openalex.org/W1970696407","https://openalex.org/W1980646552","https://openalex.org/W2006694590","https://openalex.org/W2039000313","https://openalex.org/W2043132456","https://openalex.org/W2044969869","https://openalex.org/W2051879839","https://openalex.org/W2052798647","https://openalex.org/W2065663378","https://openalex.org/W2067021215","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2072534270","https://openalex.org/W2084061469","https://openalex.org/W2097597750","https://openalex.org/W2098679662","https://openalex.org/W2099729613","https://openalex.org/W2106936040","https://openalex.org/W2116135393","https://openalex.org/W2145626504","https://openalex.org/W2146952692","https://openalex.org/W2149479929","https://openalex.org/W2151135734","https://openalex.org/W2160080073","https://openalex.org/W2169336598","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2221940102","https://openalex.org/W2529026485","https://openalex.org/W2566584923","https://openalex.org/W2751679866","https://openalex.org/W2909550032","https://openalex.org/W2949128058","https://openalex.org/W2963097326","https://openalex.org/W2966993688","https://openalex.org/W2970142969","https://openalex.org/W2981646065","https://openalex.org/W3008352878","https://openalex.org/W3034090986","https://openalex.org/W3039532629","https://openalex.org/W4239132423","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6639694384"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387583461","https://openalex.org/W3135393699","https://openalex.org/W2123785547","https://openalex.org/W2167464460","https://openalex.org/W2923247510","https://openalex.org/W2071426166","https://openalex.org/W3010866444","https://openalex.org/W3194145758","https://openalex.org/W3215933786","https://openalex.org/W2393251057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,113,162],"range":[1,93,143],"query":[2,9,94,108,144],"is":[3,116,147],"one":[4],"of":[5,56,133],"the":[6,54,71,76,120,123,137,167],"most":[7],"important":[8],"types":[10],"in":[11,45,82],"spatial":[12,22,109,134],"data":[13,31,77,121],"processing.":[14],"Geographic":[15],"information":[16],"systems":[17],"use":[18],"it":[19,29],"to":[20,63,85,107,117],"find":[21],"objects":[23,110],"within":[24],"a":[25,51,86,101,130],"user-specified":[26],"range,":[27],"and":[28,155,158],"supports":[30],"mining":[32],"tasks,":[33],"such":[34,125],"as":[35],"density-based":[36],"clustering.":[37],"In":[38],"many":[39],"applications,":[40],"ranges":[41],"are":[42],"not":[43],"computed":[44],"unrestricted":[46],"Euclidean":[47],"space,":[48,65],"but":[49],"on":[50,96,111,122],"network.":[52],"While":[53],"majority":[55],"access":[57],"methods":[58],"cannot":[59],"trivially":[60],"be":[61],"extended":[62],"network":[64,67,72,124,160],"existing":[66,171],"index":[68,105],"structures":[69],"partition":[70,119,128],"space":[73],"without":[74],"considering":[75],"distribution.":[78,90],"This":[79],"potentially":[80],"results":[81],"inefficiency":[83],"due":[84],"very":[87],"skewed":[88],"node":[89],"To":[91],"improve":[92],"processing":[95],"networks,":[97],"this":[98],"paper":[99],"proposes":[100],"balanced":[102],"Hierarchical":[103],"Network":[104],"(HN-tree)":[106],"networks.":[112],"main":[114],"idea":[115],"recursively":[118],"that":[126,166],"each":[127],"has":[129],"similar":[131],"number":[132],"objects.":[135],"Leveraging":[136],"HN-tree,":[138],"we":[139],"present":[140],"an":[141],"efficient":[142],"algorithm,":[145],"which":[146],"empirically":[148],"evaluated":[149],"using":[150],"three":[151],"different":[152],"road":[153],"networks":[154],"several":[156],"baselines":[157],"state-of-the-art":[159],"indices.":[161],"experimental":[163],"evaluation":[164],"shows":[165],"HN-tree":[168],"substantially":[169],"outperforms":[170],"methods.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2021-12-06T00:00:00"}
