{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203378265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","title":"Spatiotemporal Evolution and Trend Prediction of Tourism Economic Vulnerability in China\u2019s Major Tourist Cities","display_name":"Spatiotemporal Evolution and Trend Prediction of Tourism Economic Vulnerability in China\u2019s Major Tourist Cities","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203378265","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","mag":"3203378265"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/644/pdf?version=1634027572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/644/pdf?version=1634027572","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033715773","display_name":"Chengkun Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2780-8670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengkun Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072162305","display_name":"Feiyang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0434-5837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feiyang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of International Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of International Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061090295","display_name":"Deping Chu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-1887"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111400","display_name":"Education Department of Fujian Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01d6wrk87","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111400"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Deping Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China","The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Smart Tourism of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8473-1887","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Smart Tourism of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210111400"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100738119","display_name":"Lanlan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0601-1275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lanlan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067523932","display_name":"Jiawei Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6256-642X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111753288","display_name":"Fujian Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/020azk594","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiawei Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Tourism, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350108, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007376647","display_name":"Junqian Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3812-7205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204831749","display_name":"Southwestern University of Finance and Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/04ewct822","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junqian Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Center for Economic Research, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Center for Economic Research, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu 610074, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204831749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061090295"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111753288","https://openalex.org/I4210111400"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":3.4286,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93177169,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"10","first_page":"644","last_page":"644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13588","display_name":"Regional resilience and development","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.8402929306030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/china","display_name":"China","score":0.7069765329360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.6702409982681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle","display_name":"Obstacle","score":0.4829513430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-index","display_name":"Vulnerability index","score":0.48134955763816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4580792784690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-agglomeration","display_name":"Urban agglomeration","score":0.4209073483943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urbanization","display_name":"Urbanization","score":0.4176502227783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-geography","display_name":"Economic geography","score":0.37767493724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.2699470520019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.15110325813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.08949393033981323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.8402929306030273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.7069765329360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.6702409982681274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776650193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q264661","display_name":"Obstacle","level":2,"score":0.4829513430595398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781069661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7943568","display_name":"Vulnerability index","level":3,"score":0.48134955763816833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4580792784690857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154611951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393233","display_name":"Urban agglomeration","level":2,"score":0.4209073483943939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39853841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161078","display_name":"Urbanization","level":2,"score":0.4176502227783203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.37767493724823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2699470520019531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.15110325813293457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.08949393033981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/644/pdf?version=1634027572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:08e093090d0c49b280592c2c32ce2ba4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/08e093090d0c49b280592c2c32ce2ba4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 10, p 644 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/10/644/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 10; Pages: 644","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100644","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100644","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/644/pdf?version=1634027572","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7224074619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018J01743","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321878","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203378265.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203378265.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979094314","https://openalex.org/W2005999707","https://openalex.org/W2016229211","https://openalex.org/W2031553845","https://openalex.org/W2032687597","https://openalex.org/W2054558868","https://openalex.org/W2055441236","https://openalex.org/W2066643269","https://openalex.org/W2069038114","https://openalex.org/W2092162997","https://openalex.org/W2099193292","https://openalex.org/W2128211392","https://openalex.org/W2291962788","https://openalex.org/W2347240962","https://openalex.org/W2356990387","https://openalex.org/W2360576765","https://openalex.org/W2364958202","https://openalex.org/W2375848173","https://openalex.org/W2394861068","https://openalex.org/W2587130656","https://openalex.org/W2612127642","https://openalex.org/W2795015892","https://openalex.org/W2801855115","https://openalex.org/W2804334293","https://openalex.org/W2896752961","https://openalex.org/W2906811173","https://openalex.org/W2994500822","https://openalex.org/W3004140177","https://openalex.org/W3014900922","https://openalex.org/W3017880743","https://openalex.org/W3018915777","https://openalex.org/W3023183478","https://openalex.org/W3035763816","https://openalex.org/W3046119274","https://openalex.org/W3046645043","https://openalex.org/W3048410226","https://openalex.org/W3093702977","https://openalex.org/W3093767701","https://openalex.org/W3097609025","https://openalex.org/W3120782375","https://openalex.org/W3122436602","https://openalex.org/W3134312538","https://openalex.org/W3135438484","https://openalex.org/W3163605947","https://openalex.org/W3178562490","https://openalex.org/W3178938196","https://openalex.org/W3200141529","https://openalex.org/W6750364592","https://openalex.org/W6779997175","https://openalex.org/W6784380886","https://openalex.org/W7056987474"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018764758","https://openalex.org/W4391788361","https://openalex.org/W3000999866","https://openalex.org/W2948899868","https://openalex.org/W3110471151","https://openalex.org/W2347553915","https://openalex.org/W1970036464","https://openalex.org/W2162791799","https://openalex.org/W4399515310","https://openalex.org/W1578649630"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103,167],"evaluation":[1,47],"and":[2,22,45,59,75,88,142,163,190,196,267],"trend":[3],"prediction":[4,222],"of":[5,27,50,57,65,91,112,118,120,137,169,173,198,214,224,233,273],"tourism":[6,18,176,216,263,275],"economic":[7,19,276],"vulnerability":[8,154,212],"(TEV)":[9],"in":[10,37,93,97,159,237],"major":[11,34,94,208],"tourist":[12,35,95,122,235,259],"cities":[13,36,96,123,236,244,260],"are":[14,205],"necessary":[15],"for":[16,258],"formulating":[17],"strategies":[20],"scientifically":[21],"promoting":[23],"the":[24,42,63,66,83,115,127,135,143,206,211,215,221,231,250,271,274],"sustainable":[25],"development":[26],"regional":[28],"tourism.":[29],"In":[30,110],"this":[31,80],"study,":[32],"58":[33],"China":[38,98,238],"were":[39],"taken":[40],"as":[41],"research":[43],"object,":[44],"an":[46],"index":[48,117],"system":[49],"TEV":[51,92,116,225,232,247],"was":[52],"constructed":[53],"from":[54,99,129,226,265],"two":[55],"aspects":[56],"sensitivity":[58],"adaptive":[60],"capacity.":[61],"On":[62],"basis":[64],"entropy":[67],"weight":[68],"method,":[69],"TOPSIS":[70],"model,":[71,74,79],"obstacle":[72,86],"diagnosis":[73],"BP":[76],"neural":[77],"network":[78],"study":[81],"analyzed":[82],"spatiotemporal":[84,113],"patterns,":[85,114],"factors,":[87],"future":[89],"trends":[90],"2004":[100,130],"to":[101,131,220,228,261,268],"2019.":[102,132],"results":[104,223,254],"show":[105,149],"three":[106],"key":[107],"findings:":[108],"(1)":[109],"terms":[111],"most":[119],"China\u2019s":[121,138,160],"has":[124,155],"been":[125],"on":[126],"rise":[128],"Cities":[133],"throughout":[134],"coast":[136],"Yangtze":[139],"River":[140,145],"Delta":[141,146],"Pearl":[144],"urban":[147,179,187,199],"agglomeration":[148],"high":[150],"vulnerability,":[151],"whereas":[152],"low":[153,246],"a":[156],"scattered":[157],"distribution":[158],"northeast,":[161],"central,":[162],"western":[164],"regions.":[165],"(2)":[166],"proportion":[168],"international":[170],"tourists":[171],"out":[172],"total":[174],"tourists,":[175],"output":[177],"density,":[178],"industrial":[180,188,200],"sulfur":[181],"dioxide":[182],"emissions":[183],"per":[184,193,202],"unit":[185,194,203],"area,":[186,195],"smoke":[189],"dust":[191],"emission":[192],"discharge":[197],"wastewater":[201],"area":[204],"five":[207],"obstacles":[209],"affecting":[210],"degree":[213],"economy.":[217],"(3)":[218],"According":[219],"2021":[227],"2030,":[229],"although":[230],"many":[234],"is":[239],"increasing":[240],"year":[241],"by":[242],"year,":[243],"with":[245],"levels":[248],"occupy":[249],"dominant":[251],"position.":[252],"Research":[253],"can":[255],"provide":[256],"reference":[257],"prevent":[262],"crises":[264],"occurring":[266],"reasonably":[269],"improve":[270],"resilience":[272],"system.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
