{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3203649959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","title":"Efficient Visualization of Large-Scale Oblique Photogrammetry Models in Unreal Engine","display_name":"Efficient Visualization of Large-Scale Oblique Photogrammetry Models in Unreal Engine","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3203649959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","mag":"3203649959"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/643/pdf?version=1634002345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/643/pdf?version=1634002345","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027459602","display_name":"Yuhao Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5205-9755"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuhao Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046115734","display_name":"Anran Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6106-759X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anran Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025161965","display_name":"Qingren Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-5897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qingren Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069695230","display_name":"Yebin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7490-3737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yebin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Smart City, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart City, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100647771","display_name":"Biao He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2608-9731"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biao He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Smart City, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Smart City, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696865","display_name":"Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7273-2142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170215575","display_name":"National University of Defense Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05d2yfz11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025161965"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170215575"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":2.43,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87762334,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"10","first_page":"643","last_page":"643"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12698","display_name":"3D Modeling in Geospatial Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11211","display_name":"3D Surveying and Cultural Heritage","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1907","display_name":"Geology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8086299896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.7291082143783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5156491994857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photogrammetry","display_name":"Photogrammetry","score":0.48304373025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadtree","display_name":"Quadtree","score":0.4690081775188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oblique-case","display_name":"Oblique case","score":0.4583636224269867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.42206376791000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3230127692222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3163624703884125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8086299896240234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.7291082143783569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5156491994857788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117455697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190149","display_name":"Photogrammetry","level":2,"score":0.48304373025894165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151416825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934791","display_name":"Quadtree","level":2,"score":0.4690081775188446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160697094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1233197","display_name":"Oblique case","level":2,"score":0.4583636224269867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.42206376791000366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3230127692222595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3163624703884125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/643/pdf?version=1634002345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:72681bf45b7d488a85a5643069ca7751","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/72681bf45b7d488a85a5643069ca7751","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 10, p 643 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/10/643/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 10; Pages: 643","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10100643","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10100643","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/10/643/pdf?version=1634002345","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5980411448","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u8fb9\u7f18\u8ba1\u7b97\u6a21\u5f0f\u7684\u65f6\u7a7a\u805a\u96c6\u8fd1\u4f3c\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41971362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7571483532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42101435","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7931701304","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u5185\u5b58\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\u6570\u636e\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u67e5\u8be2\u5904\u7406\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"41871284","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203649959.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3203649959.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1991304032","https://openalex.org/W1995620559","https://openalex.org/W2024696691","https://openalex.org/W2050576295","https://openalex.org/W2051708623","https://openalex.org/W2078920507","https://openalex.org/W2090871833","https://openalex.org/W2096498192","https://openalex.org/W2099404391","https://openalex.org/W2131296084","https://openalex.org/W2138784324","https://openalex.org/W2426175488","https://openalex.org/W2470426511","https://openalex.org/W2509178618","https://openalex.org/W2564946202","https://openalex.org/W2620693754","https://openalex.org/W2755118462","https://openalex.org/W2770829429","https://openalex.org/W2886776468","https://openalex.org/W2944665834","https://openalex.org/W2966805240","https://openalex.org/W2992442598","https://openalex.org/W3209398723","https://openalex.org/W4236610845","https://openalex.org/W6649002579","https://openalex.org/W6680594925","https://openalex.org/W6713519471","https://openalex.org/W6717936487","https://openalex.org/W6725757826","https://openalex.org/W6738865020","https://openalex.org/W6744125299"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2383134058","https://openalex.org/W2370267088","https://openalex.org/W2382025923","https://openalex.org/W2361856706","https://openalex.org/W4310580076","https://openalex.org/W2388967579","https://openalex.org/W2041984859","https://openalex.org/W2387964326","https://openalex.org/W2384780081","https://openalex.org/W2340396372"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Oblique":[0],"photogrammetry":[1],"models":[2],"are":[3],"indispensable":[4],"for":[5],"implementing":[6],"digital":[7],"twins":[8],"of":[9,18,101,121,135,168],"cities.":[10],"Geographic":[11],"information":[12],"system":[13],"researchers":[14],"have":[15],"proposed":[16],"plenty":[17],"methods":[19,38,170,184],"to":[20,68,97,111,131,141,164],"load":[21],"and":[22,44,62,118,159,176,190],"visualize":[23],"these":[24],"city-scaled":[25],"scenes.":[26],"However,":[27],"when":[28],"the":[29,77,81,99,106,113,119,133,136,166],"area":[30,134],"viewed":[31],"changes":[32],"quickly":[33],"in":[34,56,71,124,171],"real-time":[35],"rendering,":[36],"current":[37],"still":[39],"require":[40],"excessive":[41],"GPU":[42],"calculation":[43],"memory":[45,122,177,192],"occupation.":[46],"In":[47],"this":[48],"study,":[49],"we":[50,58,93,127],"propose":[51],"a":[52,64,72,95,129],"data":[53,144],"organization":[54],"method":[55,67,153],"which":[57,109],"merged":[59,73],"all":[60],"quadtrees":[61],"used":[63],"binary":[65,89],"encoding":[66],"encode":[69],"nodes":[70,83,103],"tree":[74,82],"so":[75],"that":[76,182],"parent\u2013child":[78,107],"relationship":[79],"between":[80],"could":[84],"be":[85],"calculated":[86],"using":[87],"rapid":[88],"operations.":[90],"After":[91],"that,":[92],"developed":[94],"strategy":[96],"cancel":[98],"loading":[100,116],"redundant":[102],"based":[104,154],"on":[105,155],"relationship,":[108],"helped":[110],"reduce":[112,191],"hard":[114],"disk":[115],"time":[117],"amount":[120],"occupied":[123],"visualization.":[125],"Moreover,":[126],"introduced":[128],"parameter":[130],"measure":[132],"triangle":[137],"mesh":[138],"per":[139],"pixel":[140],"achieve":[142],"unified":[143],"scheduling":[145],"under":[146],"different":[147],"production":[148],"standards.":[149],"We":[150],"implemented":[151],"our":[152,169,183],"Unreal":[156],"Engine":[157],"(UE),":[158],"three":[160],"experiments":[161],"were":[162],"designed":[163],"illustrate":[165],"advantages":[167],"index":[172],"acceleration,":[173],"frame":[174],"time,":[175],"reduction.":[178],"The":[179],"results":[180],"show":[181],"can":[185],"significantly":[186],"improve":[187],"visualization":[188],"fluency":[189],"usage.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T09:05:17.133730","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}