{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201381722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","title":"Application of Random Forest and SHAP Tree Explainer in Exploring Spatial (In)Justice to Aid Urban Planning","display_name":"Application of Random Forest and SHAP Tree Explainer in Exploring Spatial (In)Justice to Aid Urban Planning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201381722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","mag":"3201381722"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/629/pdf?version=1632365983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/629/pdf?version=1632365983","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067750598","display_name":"Debzani Deb","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3430-1130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188405335","display_name":"Winston-Salem State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049yc0897","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debzani Deb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Data Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","Department of Computer Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Data Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018869142","display_name":"Russell M. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8585-6056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188405335","display_name":"Winston-Salem State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049yc0897","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Russell M. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Applied Data Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","Department of History, Politics and Social Justice, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","Spatial Justice Studio, Center for Design Innovation, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Applied Data Science, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History, Politics and Social Justice, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Spatial Justice Studio, Center for Design Innovation, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067750598"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188405335"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":9.4609,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97784627,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"629","last_page":"629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.9904000163078308,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10298","display_name":"Urban Transport and Accessibility","score":0.9793999791145325,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.948199987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multitude","display_name":"Multitude","score":0.6229836344718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-justice","display_name":"Economic Justice","score":0.5900822877883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5649300813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.530754804611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequality","display_name":"Inequality","score":0.49415352940559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census-tract","display_name":"Census tract","score":0.48938578367233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-justice","display_name":"Environmental justice","score":0.48195621371269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/census","display_name":"Census","score":0.43216660618782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-analysis","display_name":"Spatial analysis","score":0.4314859211444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regional-science","display_name":"Regional science","score":0.4115586280822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.3754139542579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-resource-management","display_name":"Environmental resource management","score":0.33141636848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23348936438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.1864151954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.18567410111427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.1772536039352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1526065468788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12410014867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.11801949143409729}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780565519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208937","display_name":"Multitude","level":2,"score":0.6229836344718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.5900822877883911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5649300813674927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.530754804611206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.49415352940559387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994558172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107738887","display_name":"Census tract","level":4,"score":0.48938578367233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778560467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1479527","display_name":"Environmental justice","level":2,"score":0.48195621371269226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.43216660618782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.4314859211444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.4115586280822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3754139542579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.33141636848449707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23348936438560486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.1864151954650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18567410111427307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1772536039352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1526065468788147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12410014867782593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11801949143409729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/629/pdf?version=1632365983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:02f80b6e6b4a451cabb160f5386f4606","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/02f80b6e6b4a451cabb160f5386f4606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 9, p 629 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/9/629/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 9; Pages: 629","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/629/pdf?version=1632365983","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7300000190734863}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3488859247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FY2021-23","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333058","funder_display_name":"Research Opportunities Initiative, University of North Carolina"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6892032150","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1600864","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333058","display_name":"Research Opportunities Initiative, University of North Carolina","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201381722.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201381722.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639859362","https://openalex.org/W759630152","https://openalex.org/W1959220275","https://openalex.org/W1987111701","https://openalex.org/W2088403672","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2122216841","https://openalex.org/W2140187489","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2228262216","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2766601486","https://openalex.org/W2890708654","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2947346607","https://openalex.org/W2963095307","https://openalex.org/W2978851739","https://openalex.org/W2998216295","https://openalex.org/W3001626157","https://openalex.org/W3001728304","https://openalex.org/W3037260022","https://openalex.org/W3122170844","https://openalex.org/W3122229515","https://openalex.org/W3133361239","https://openalex.org/W4214676738","https://openalex.org/W4230798716","https://openalex.org/W4239167991","https://openalex.org/W4293402844","https://openalex.org/W4380764231","https://openalex.org/W6756237882","https://openalex.org/W7016156993","https://openalex.org/W7066667914"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2910093970","https://openalex.org/W4256631947","https://openalex.org/W2911113450","https://openalex.org/W2910019733","https://openalex.org/W4235781712","https://openalex.org/W2125888957","https://openalex.org/W2908656475","https://openalex.org/W452749367","https://openalex.org/W2407095642","https://openalex.org/W2908938226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,219],"light":[1],"of":[2,22,36,76,98,119,169,185,188,194,207],"recent":[3],"local,":[4],"national,":[5],"and":[6,44,51,61,104,143,154,183,191,197,232],"global":[7],"events,":[8],"spatial":[9,23,49,68,77,120,145,176,242],"justice":[10,50,69],"provides":[11],"a":[12,20,53,113,170],"potentially":[13,144],"powerful":[14],"lens":[15],"by":[16],"which":[17],"to":[18,39,125,136,165],"explore":[19,126],"multitude":[21],"inequalities.":[24],"For":[25],"more":[26,42],"than":[27],"two":[28],"decades,":[29],"scholars":[30],"have":[31,79,201],"been":[32,71,80],"espousing":[33],"the":[34,96,155,159,189,192,202,208,214,220,238],"power":[35],"this":[37,222],"concept":[38],"help":[40],"develop":[41],"equitable":[43],"just":[45],"communities.":[46],"However,":[47],"defining":[48],"developing":[52,112],"methodology":[54,148],"for":[55,66,115,226,241],"quantitatively":[56],"analyzing":[57],"it":[58],"is":[59,86,163],"complicated":[60],"no":[62],"agreed":[63],"upon":[64],"metric":[65,114],"examining":[67],"has":[70,94],"developed.":[72],"Instead,":[73],"individual":[74,84,130],"measures":[75],"injustices":[78],"studied.":[81],"One":[82],"such":[83],"measure":[85],"economic":[87,92,141,167],"mobility.":[88],"Recent":[89],"research":[90,223],"on":[91,101,140,150,174],"mobility":[93,103,142,168],"revealed":[95],"importance":[97],"local":[99],"geography":[100],"upward":[102],"may":[105],"serve":[106],"as":[107],"an":[108,134],"important":[109],"keystone":[110],"in":[111,133,237],"multiple":[116],"place-based":[117,127],"issues":[118],"inequality.":[121],"This":[122],"paper":[123],"seeks":[124],"variables":[128,177,236],"within":[129],"census":[131,171],"tracts":[132],"effort":[135],"understand":[137],"their":[138],"impact":[139],"justice.":[146,243],"The":[147,181],"relies":[149],"machine":[151],"learning":[152],"techniques":[153],"results":[156],"show":[157],"that":[158],"best":[160],"performing":[161],"model":[162],"able":[164],"predict":[166],"tract":[172],"based":[173],"its":[175],"with":[178],"86%":[179],"accuracy.":[180],"availability":[182],"density":[184],"jobs,":[186],"compactness":[187],"area,":[190],"presence":[193],"medical":[195],"facilities":[196],"underground":[198],"storage":[199],"tanks":[200],"greatest":[203],"influence,":[204],"whereas":[205],"some":[206],"influential":[209],"features":[210],"are":[211,216],"positively":[212],"while":[213],"others":[215],"negatively":[217],"associated.":[218],"end,":[221],"will":[224],"allow":[225],"comparative":[227],"analysis":[228],"between":[229],"differing":[230],"geographies":[231],"also":[233],"identify":[234],"leading":[235],"overall":[239],"quest":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2021-09-27T00:00:00"}
