{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200783734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","title":"Considerations for Developing Predictive Spatial Models of Crime and New Methods for Measuring Their Accuracy","display_name":"Considerations for Developing Predictive Spatial Models of Crime and New Methods for Measuring Their Accuracy","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200783734","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","mag":"3200783734"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/597/pdf?version=1631276956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/597/pdf?version=1631276956","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018112948","display_name":"Chaitanya Joshi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-2865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chaitanya Joshi","raw_affiliation_strings":["NZ Institute of Security and Crime Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-2865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NZ Institute of Security and Crime Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005686112","display_name":"Sophie Curtis\u2010Ham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-4804"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sophie Curtis-Ham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evidence Based Policing Centre, New Zealand Police, Wellington 3017, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8093-4804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evidence Based Policing Centre, New Zealand Police, Wellington 3017, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052244088","display_name":"Clayton D\u2019Ath","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Clayton D\u2019Ath","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019990206","display_name":"Deane Searle","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deane Searle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Waikato District, New Zealand Police, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Waikato District, New Zealand Police, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018112948"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.1432,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84779318,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"9","first_page":"597","last_page":"597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10574","display_name":"Crime Patterns and Interventions","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9721999764442444,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measure","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","score":0.7155290246009827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.703718900680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm","display_name":"Logarithm","score":0.48160216212272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.47096994519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4401167333126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.43000638484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/index","display_name":"Index (typography)","score":0.42519474029541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.38953858613967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14856046438217163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780009758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804172","display_name":"Measure (data warehouse)","level":2,"score":0.7155290246009827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.703718900680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39927690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197","display_name":"Logarithm","level":2,"score":0.48160216212272644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.47096994519233704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4401167333126068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.43000638484954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.42519474029541016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38953858613967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14856046438217163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/597/pdf?version=1631276956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fb13a933e58f4037927b76619a5c8509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fb13a933e58f4037927b76619a5c8509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 9, p 597 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/9/597/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 9; Pages: 597","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10090597","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090597","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/9/597/pdf?version=1631276956","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200783734.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200783734.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86385803","https://openalex.org/W100628223","https://openalex.org/W135297970","https://openalex.org/W181465672","https://openalex.org/W1490445976","https://openalex.org/W1531081428","https://openalex.org/W1590183771","https://openalex.org/W1601649234","https://openalex.org/W1933810044","https://openalex.org/W1978208906","https://openalex.org/W1987685062","https://openalex.org/W2014995054","https://openalex.org/W2020920020","https://openalex.org/W2025720061","https://openalex.org/W2055195255","https://openalex.org/W2062930223","https://openalex.org/W2063548203","https://openalex.org/W2063910672","https://openalex.org/W2082633923","https://openalex.org/W2082687510","https://openalex.org/W2086260676","https://openalex.org/W2109946962","https://openalex.org/W2122356357","https://openalex.org/W2123906784","https://openalex.org/W2158698691","https://openalex.org/W2166377305","https://openalex.org/W2302353397","https://openalex.org/W2317780704","https://openalex.org/W2321357844","https://openalex.org/W2330634256","https://openalex.org/W2552390328","https://openalex.org/W2586054660","https://openalex.org/W2592850297","https://openalex.org/W2632538366","https://openalex.org/W2791059564","https://openalex.org/W2913065445","https://openalex.org/W2913346170","https://openalex.org/W2913700606","https://openalex.org/W2950403374","https://openalex.org/W2951936974","https://openalex.org/W2968544519","https://openalex.org/W2972987079","https://openalex.org/W2983005278","https://openalex.org/W2999598339","https://openalex.org/W3020622509","https://openalex.org/W3030581860","https://openalex.org/W3092155847","https://openalex.org/W3121452939","https://openalex.org/W3125226067","https://openalex.org/W3157484430","https://openalex.org/W3169550611","https://openalex.org/W4230793809","https://openalex.org/W4239966440","https://openalex.org/W4242100901","https://openalex.org/W4292230443","https://openalex.org/W4300858224","https://openalex.org/W6607412384","https://openalex.org/W6699709579","https://openalex.org/W6733066603","https://openalex.org/W6740976846","https://openalex.org/W6758705741","https://openalex.org/W6769708131","https://openalex.org/W6772301061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4224009465","https://openalex.org/W4286629047","https://openalex.org/W4306321456","https://openalex.org/W4285260836","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4205958290","https://openalex.org/W3209574120"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"literature":[1],"review":[2],"of":[3,15,57,69],"the":[4,12,21,31,48,55,58,67,70,94,105,121,125,137,140,144,153],"important":[5,131],"trends":[6],"in":[7,116],"predictive":[8,50],"crime":[9],"modeling":[10],"and":[11,27,30,66,146,157],"existing":[13,79],"measures":[14,36,65,75,82,115,134,163],"accuracy":[16,51,76],"was":[17],"undertaken.":[18],"It":[19,129],"highlighted":[20],"need":[22,32],"for":[23,37,97,124,152],"a":[24,38,44,98,117],"robust,":[25],"comprehensive":[26],"independent":[28],"evaluation":[29],"to":[33,62,112,132,142,158],"include":[34],"complementary":[35],"more":[39],"complete":[40],"assessment.":[41],"We":[42,88],"develop":[43,133],"new":[45],"measure":[46,108],"called":[47],"penalized":[49],"index":[52],"(PPAI),":[53],"propose":[54],"use":[56,68],"expected":[59,106],"utility":[60,107],"function":[61],"combine":[63,113,159],"multiple":[64,160],"average":[71],"logarithmic":[72],"score,":[73],"which":[74],"differently":[77],"than":[78],"measures.":[80,161],"The":[81,162],"are":[83,149],"illustrated":[84],"using":[85],"hypothetical":[86],"examples.":[87],"illustrate":[89],"how":[90,104],"PPAI":[91],"could":[92],"identify":[93],"best":[95],"model":[96],"given":[99],"problem,":[100],"as":[101,103],"well":[102],"can":[109],"be":[110],"used":[111],"different":[114],"way":[118,168],"that":[119,135,148],"is":[120,130,178],"most":[122,150],"appropriate":[123,151],"problem":[126,154],"at":[127,155],"hand.":[128],"empower":[136],"practitioner":[138],"with":[139],"ability":[141],"input":[143],"choices":[145],"preferences":[147],"hand":[156],"proposed":[164],"here":[165],"go":[166],"some":[167],"towards":[169],"providing":[170],"this":[171],"ability.":[172],"Further":[173],"development":[174],"along":[175],"these":[176],"lines":[177],"needed.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}