{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3170493766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","title":"Road Characteristics Detection Based on Joint Convolutional Neural Networks with Adaptive Squares","display_name":"Road Characteristics Detection Based on Joint Convolutional Neural Networks with Adaptive Squares","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3170493766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","mag":"3170493766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/377/pdf?version=1622695395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/377/pdf?version=1622695395","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050371113","display_name":"Chiao\u2010Ling Kuo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-3328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150355","display_name":"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05n4swm55","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150355","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chiao-Ling Kuo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8340-3328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150355"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110110726","display_name":"Ming-Hua Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150355","display_name":"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05n4swm55","country_code":"TW","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150355","https://openalex.org/I84653119"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming-Hua Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5050371113"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864","https://openalex.org/I4210150355"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":1.3889,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79499089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"377","last_page":"377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13282","display_name":"Automated Road and Building Extraction","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7374138236045837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7134456634521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.6189749836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.6039890646934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6009124517440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5135083794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.4790314733982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","score":0.47697529196739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45946359634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.44780078530311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/road-surface","display_name":"Road surface","score":0.4296974241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.42465102672576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4233560562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.40024060010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.38805103302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3861325681209564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.15746286511421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12451708316802979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.12125808000564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09688037633895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08392167091369629}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7374138236045837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7134456634521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.6189749836921692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.6039890646934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6009124517440796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5135083794593811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.4790314733982086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9770341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Geospatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.47697529196739197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45946359634399414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.44780078530311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780042925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049667","display_name":"Road surface","level":2,"score":0.4296974241733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42465102672576904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4233560562133789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40024060010910034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38805103302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3861325681209564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.15746286511421204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12451708316802979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.12125808000564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09688037633895874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08392167091369629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170154142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150737","display_name":"Architectural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/377/pdf?version=1622695395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e11dcf7f79ce489fa1ebf5067b89fe10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e11dcf7f79ce489fa1ebf5067b89fe10","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 377 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/6/377/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 6; Pages: 377","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060377","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060377","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/377/pdf?version=1622695395","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.6299999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2327296347","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-2621-M-001-001-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G737106015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOST 108-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321041","display_name":"Academia Sinica","ror":"https://ror.org/05bxb3784"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170493766.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3170493766.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1977561493","https://openalex.org/W2044592879","https://openalex.org/W2058386549","https://openalex.org/W2058867661","https://openalex.org/W2062493963","https://openalex.org/W2071637009","https://openalex.org/W2073779362","https://openalex.org/W2093286150","https://openalex.org/W2102048636","https://openalex.org/W2135909233","https://openalex.org/W2159882774","https://openalex.org/W2167069501","https://openalex.org/W2274287116","https://openalex.org/W2284921602","https://openalex.org/W2495231996","https://openalex.org/W2516601648","https://openalex.org/W2573093891","https://openalex.org/W2595659188","https://openalex.org/W2604086375","https://openalex.org/W2607429613","https://openalex.org/W2612624696","https://openalex.org/W2737202447","https://openalex.org/W2755064094","https://openalex.org/W2756319556","https://openalex.org/W2758028572","https://openalex.org/W2759222052","https://openalex.org/W2765854028","https://openalex.org/W2765948482","https://openalex.org/W2772394551","https://openalex.org/W2773027647","https://openalex.org/W2775631388","https://openalex.org/W2790715140","https://openalex.org/W2798925380","https://openalex.org/W2806252395","https://openalex.org/W2809840258","https://openalex.org/W2810456982","https://openalex.org/W2884367402","https://openalex.org/W2898227465","https://openalex.org/W2899101283","https://openalex.org/W2900433568","https://openalex.org/W2949395449","https://openalex.org/W2950806363","https://openalex.org/W2953906347","https://openalex.org/W2963499661","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2981329832","https://openalex.org/W2988916019","https://openalex.org/W2991566686","https://openalex.org/W2995599291","https://openalex.org/W3013483038","https://openalex.org/W3014156804","https://openalex.org/W3069416164","https://openalex.org/W3096751748","https://openalex.org/W3098839753","https://openalex.org/W3156100009","https://openalex.org/W6666175288","https://openalex.org/W6684687398","https://openalex.org/W6734723330"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973","https://openalex.org/W2949096641","https://openalex.org/W2969228573","https://openalex.org/W2970686063","https://openalex.org/W4320729701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,81,108,152],"importance":[1],"of":[2,30,34,41,97,132,154],"road":[3,9,35,76,98,117,133,156,179],"characteristics":[4,10,36,77,99,157],"has":[5],"been":[6],"highlighted,":[7],"as":[8],"are":[11,85],"fundamental":[12],"structures":[13],"established":[14],"to":[15,74,122,167],"support":[16],"many":[17,173],"transportation-relevant":[18],"services.":[19],"However,":[20],"there":[21],"is":[22],"still":[23],"huge":[24],"room":[25],"for":[26,87,185,202],"improvement":[27],"in":[28,150],"terms":[29],"types":[31,96,131],"and":[32,51,90,94,125,138,141,160,188,205],"performance":[33,149],"detection.":[37],"With":[38],"the":[39,88,120,169],"advantage":[40],"geographically":[42],"tiled":[43],"maps":[44],"with":[45,71,111,147,158],"high":[46],"update":[47],"rates,":[48],"remarkable":[49],"accessibility,":[50],"increasing":[52],"availability,":[53],"this":[54,194],"paper":[55],"proposes":[56],"a":[57,199],"novel":[58],"simple":[59],"deep-learning-based":[60],"approach,":[61],"namely":[62],"joint":[63,83],"convolutional":[64],"neural":[65],"networks":[66],"(CNNs)":[67],"adopting":[68],"adaptive":[69,109],"squares":[70,110],"combination":[72,112],"rules":[73,113],"detect":[75,123],"from":[78,101,165,209],"roadmap":[79],"tiles.":[80,212],"proposed":[82],"CNNs":[84],"responsible":[86],"foreground":[89,103],"background":[91],"image":[92],"classification":[93,100],"various":[95],"previous":[102],"images,":[104],"raising":[105],"detection":[106,128,184,204],"accuracy.":[107],"help":[114],"efficiently":[115],"focus":[116],"characteristics,":[118],"augmenting":[119],"ability":[121],"them":[124],"provide":[126],"optimal":[127],"results.":[129],"Five":[130],"characteristics\u2014crossroads,":[134],"T-junctions,":[135],"Y-junctions,":[136],"corners,":[137],"curves\u2014are":[139],"exploited,":[140],"experimental":[142],"results":[143,170],"demonstrate":[144],"successful":[145],"outcomes":[146],"outstanding":[148],"reality.":[151],"information":[153,207],"exploited":[155],"location":[159],"type":[161],"is,":[162],"thus,":[163],"converted":[164],"human-readable":[166],"machine-readable,":[168],"will":[171,196],"benefit":[172],"applications":[174],"like":[175],"feature":[176],"point":[177],"reminders,":[178],"condition":[180],"reports,":[181],"or":[182],"alert":[183],"users,":[186],"drivers,":[187],"even":[189],"autonomous":[190],"vehicles.":[191],"We":[192],"believe":[193],"approach":[195],"also":[197],"enable":[198],"new":[200],"path":[201],"object":[203],"geospatial":[206],"extraction":[208],"valuable":[210],"map":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}