{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167113081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","title":"Detecting Multi-Decadal Changes in Seagrass Cover in Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand, Using Landsat Imagery and Boosting Ensemble Classification Techniques","display_name":"Detecting Multi-Decadal Changes in Seagrass Cover in Tauranga Harbour, New Zealand, Using Landsat Imagery and Boosting Ensemble Classification Techniques","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167113081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","mag":"3167113081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/371/pdf?version=1622541640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/371/pdf?version=1622541640","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020793898","display_name":"Nam Thang Ha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-8602"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210095101","display_name":"Hue University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qaa6j11","country_code":"VN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210095101"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam-Thang Ha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand","Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-8602","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Fisheries, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, Hue 530000, Vietnam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210095101"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091820755","display_name":"Merilyn Manley\u2010Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-0208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Merilyn Manley-Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5795-0208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035614978","display_name":"Tien Dat Pham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-2847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145608581","display_name":"University of Miami","ror":"https://ror.org/02dgjyy92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145608581"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19700959","display_name":"Florida International University","ror":"https://ror.org/02gz6gg07","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19700959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tien-Dat Pham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL 33199, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6422-2847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University (FIU), Miami, FL 33199, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19700959","https://openalex.org/I145608581"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010490297","display_name":"Ian Hawes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-6903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52179390","display_name":"University of Waikato","ror":"https://ror.org/013fsnh78","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian Hawes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2471-6903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3260, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52179390"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035614978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145608581","https://openalex.org/I19700959"],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1515},"fwci":5.5411,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96107153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"371","last_page":"371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10643","display_name":"Marine and coastal plant biology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10341","display_name":"Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12073","display_name":"Isotope Analysis in Ecology","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seagrass","display_name":"Seagrass","score":0.9025737047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.5478666424751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-imagery","display_name":"Satellite imagery","score":0.5354625582695007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49793338775634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ungulate","display_name":"Ungulate","score":0.4902189373970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.4418381154537201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"Climate change","score":0.4350336194038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.38834458589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-geography","display_name":"Physical geography","score":0.36929643154144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecosystem","display_name":"Ecosystem","score":0.3121475875377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.3097558915615082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3088270425796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22967541217803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography","display_name":"Oceanography","score":0.22867655754089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.21470025181770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.12838983535766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/habitat","display_name":"Habitat","score":0.1185966432094574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777400808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646660","display_name":"Seagrass","level":3,"score":0.9025737047195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.5478666424751282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778102629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725252","display_name":"Satellite imagery","level":2,"score":0.5354625582695007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49793338775634766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778208748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231177","display_name":"Ungulate","level":3,"score":0.4902189373970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.4418381154537201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.4350336194038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.38834458589553833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.36929643154144287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.3121475875377655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3097558915615082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3088270425796509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22967541217803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.22867655754089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.21470025181770325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.12838983535766602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185933670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52105","display_name":"Habitat","level":2,"score":0.1185966432094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/371/pdf?version=1622541640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:05ea5ff77b54418eb3cecd10b4e1da62","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/05ea5ff77b54418eb3cecd10b4e1da62","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Vol 10, Iss 6, p 371 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2220-9964/10/6/371/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information; Volume 10; Issue 6; Pages: 371","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/ijgi10060371","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10060371","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2220-9964/10/6/371/pdf?version=1622541640","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764431341","display_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","issn_l":"2220-9964","issn":["2220-9964"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167113081.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":71,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584987030","https://openalex.org/W1965163382","https://openalex.org/W1988544037","https://openalex.org/W1991696578","https://openalex.org/W1996159834","https://openalex.org/W1997145585","https://openalex.org/W2002879686","https://openalex.org/W2007953736","https://openalex.org/W2026367155","https://openalex.org/W2032202767","https://openalex.org/W2043648244","https://openalex.org/W2054964993","https://openalex.org/W2056482671","https://openalex.org/W2063907334","https://openalex.org/W2076524495","https://openalex.org/W2080767771","https://openalex.org/W2082511538","https://openalex.org/W2086141774","https://openalex.org/W2090836631","https://openalex.org/W2092466978","https://openalex.org/W2094785904","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109252556","https://openalex.org/W2114056667","https://openalex.org/W2137329446","https://openalex.org/W2167488079","https://openalex.org/W2218047931","https://openalex.org/W2261059368","https://openalex.org/W2294946409","https://openalex.org/W2485118040","https://openalex.org/W2530322545","https://openalex.org/W2571480854","https://openalex.org/W2728943648","https://openalex.org/W2732932856","https://openalex.org/W2735042947","https://openalex.org/W2735306787","https://openalex.org/W2744645761","https://openalex.org/W2749044588","https://openalex.org/W2754692301","https://openalex.org/W2767653596","https://openalex.org/W2784208206","https://openalex.org/W2785473200","https://openalex.org/W2793927960","https://openalex.org/W2798409201","https://openalex.org/W2799462250","https://openalex.org/W2803505155","https://openalex.org/W2899686131","https://openalex.org/W2900284876","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2913079708","https://openalex.org/W2921674639","https://openalex.org/W2924992819","https://openalex.org/W2962768350","https://openalex.org/W2963108714","https://openalex.org/W2964022491","https://openalex.org/W2966615870","https://openalex.org/W2971982243","https://openalex.org/W2982488225","https://openalex.org/W2993837648","https://openalex.org/W3002639097","https://openalex.org/W3003257820","https://openalex.org/W3009990201","https://openalex.org/W3020552235","https://openalex.org/W3101876952","https://openalex.org/W3103145119","https://openalex.org/W3116354113","https://openalex.org/W3130219998","https://openalex.org/W4211056572","https://openalex.org/W4300840064","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6788097013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3142168399","https://openalex.org/W4367184167","https://openalex.org/W2364626585","https://openalex.org/W2205096935","https://openalex.org/W4245729730","https://openalex.org/W2792892385","https://openalex.org/W4388203848","https://openalex.org/W3192941986","https://openalex.org/W2981297165","https://openalex.org/W2304601110"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Seagrass":[0],"provides":[1],"a":[2,107],"wide":[3],"range":[4],"of":[5,44,63,72,102,125,141,158,178,198,201,219],"essential":[6],"ecosystem":[7],"services,":[8],"supports":[9],"climate":[10],"change":[11,37,142,199],"mitigation,":[12],"and":[13,29,46,67,95,161,175],"contributes":[14],"to":[15,35,41,48,57,167,171,189],"blue":[16],"carbon":[17],"sequestration.":[18],"This":[19],"resource,":[20],"however,":[21],"is":[22,31],"undergoing":[23],"significant":[24],"declines":[25],"across":[26],"the":[27,42,49,70,121,151,173,193],"globe,":[28],"there":[30],"an":[32,139,179],"urgent":[33],"need":[34],"develop":[36,58],"detection":[38,62,200],"techniques":[39,60],"appropriate":[40],"scale":[43],"loss":[45],"applicable":[47],"complex":[50],"coastal":[51],"marine":[52],"environment.":[53],"Our":[54,196],"work":[55],"aimed":[56],"remote-sensing-based":[59],"for":[61,100,138,217],"changes":[64],"between":[65,192],"1990":[66],"2019":[68],"in":[69,75,106,143,183,203],"area":[71,185],"seagrass":[73,103,184,202,225],"meadows":[74],"Tauranga":[76,204],"Harbour,":[77],"New":[78],"Zealand.":[79],"Four":[80],"state-of-the-art":[81],"machine-learning":[82,208],"models,":[83,127],"Random":[84],"Forest":[85],"(RF),":[86],"Support":[87],"Vector":[88],"Machine":[89],"(SVM),":[90],"Extreme":[91],"Gradient":[92],"Boost":[93],"(XGB),":[94],"CatBoost":[96],"(CB),":[97],"were":[98,165],"evaluated":[99],"classification":[101],"cover":[104,144],"(presence/absence)":[105],"Landsat":[108,131,169],"8":[109],"image":[110],"from":[111,186],"2019,":[112],"using":[113],"near-concurrent":[114],"Ground-Truth":[115],"Points":[116],"(GTPs).":[117],"We":[118,164],"then":[119],"used":[120],"most":[122],"accurate":[123],"one":[124],"these":[126],"CB,":[128],"with":[129,211],"historic":[130,212,220],"imagery":[132,170],"supported":[133],"by":[134],"classified":[135],"aerial":[136],"photographs":[137],"estimation":[140],"over":[145],"time.":[146],"The":[147],"CB":[148],"model":[149],"produced":[150],"highest":[152],"accuracies":[153],"(precision,":[154],"recall,":[155],"F1":[156],"scores":[157],"0.94,":[159],"0.96,":[160],"0.95":[162],"respectively).":[163],"able":[166],"use":[168],"document":[172],"trajectory":[174],"spatial":[176],"distribution":[177],"approximately":[180],"50%":[181],"reduction":[182],"2237":[187],"ha":[188,191],"1184":[190],"years":[194],"1990\u20132019.":[195],"illustration":[197],"Harbour":[205],"suggests":[206],"that":[207],"techniques,":[209],"coupled":[210],"satellite":[213],"imagery,":[214],"offers":[215],"potential":[216],"evaluation":[218],"as":[221,223],"well":[222],"ongoing":[224],"dynamics.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-17T08:01:34.144755","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
